本帖最后由 wshh1975 于 2011-11-4 15:46 编辑
把昨天发的那段文献完整的翻译了一下,感觉这几段文献应该可以解决以上几个问题中的某几个。 The modified National Research Council wound classification criteria are as follow: 修订后的国家研究委员会伤口分类标准如下: • Clean surgical procedures (primarily closed, elective procedures involving no acute inflammation, no break in technique, and no transection of gastrointestinal [GI], oropharyngeal, genitourinary [GU], biliary, or tracheobronchial tracts) 清洁手术:(生理密闭的择期手术包括非急性炎症、无机械性破裂,以及无胃肠道、口咽、泌尿生殖道、胆道或气管支气管的切口) • Clean-contaminated procedures (procedures involving transection of GI, oropharyngeal, GU, biliary, or tracheobronchial tracts with minimal spillage or with minor breaks in technique; clean procedures performed emergently or with major breaks in technique; reoperation of clean surgery within seven days; or procedures following blunt trauma) 清洁-污染手术(涉及胃肠道、口咽部、泌尿生殖道、胆道或气管支气管,或者极小量溢出或很小的机械破裂?,急诊实施的清洁手术或较大的机械破裂,清洁手术七日内的再次手术、或钝挫伤后的手术) • Contaminated procedures (clean-contaminated procedures during which acute, nonpurulent inflammation is encountered or major spillage or technique break occurs; procedures performed within four hours of penetrating trauma or involving a chronic open wound) 污染手术(急性非脓性炎症的清洁-污染手术,或大量溢出、或发生技术性破裂;四小时内的锐器伤手术或涉及慢性开放伤口) • Dirty procedures (procedures performed when there is obvious preexisting infection [abscess, pus, necrotic tissue present]; preoperative perforation of GI, oropharyngeal, biliary, or tracheobronchial tracts; or penetrating trauma greater than four hours old) 脏的手术(已经存在可见感染的手术[脓肿、脓液、坏死组织存在;术前已穿孔的胃肠道、口咽部、胆道或气管支气管;或超过四个小时的锐器伤) Typically, prophylactic antimicrobials are not indicated for clean surgical procedures. However, prophylaxis is justified for procedures involving prosthetic placement because of the potential for severe complications if postoperative infections involve the prosthesis. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is justified for the following types of surgical procedures: cardiothoracic, GI tract (e.g., colorectal and biliary tract operations), head and neck (except clean procedures), neurosurgical, obstetric or gynecologic, orthopedic (except clean procedures), urologic, and vascular. The use of antimicrobials for dirty and contaminated procedures is not classified as prophylaxis but as treatment for a presumed infection; therefore, dirty and contaminated procedures are not discussed in these guidelines.30 典型的,清洁手术操作无需预防性使用抗生素。但是,如果手术包含假体植入(补片放置),那预防性使用抗生素是正当的,因为存在涉及假体(或以为修补物)的术后严重感染并发症发生的可能性。预防性使用抗生素在以下几种类型的手术中使用是合理的:心胸手术、胃肠道手术(如结肠直肠和胆道手术)、头颈部手术(清洁手术除外)、神经科手术、妇产科手术、整形外科手术(清洁手术除外)、泌尿道手术和血管手术。 It is difficult to establish significant differences in efficacy between prophylactic antimicrobials and placebo when infection rates are low. A small sample size increases the likelihood of Type II error; therefore, there may be no apparent difference between the antimicrobial and placebo when in fact the antimicrobial has a beneficial effect. A valid study would be placebo controlled and randomized with a large enough sample in each group to avoid Type II error. A large sample is rarely achieved in well-controlled studies of surgical prophylaxis. Thus, some of the surgical prophylaxis efficacy data are at risk for Type II error. Because of this obstacle, prophylaxis is recommended in some cases because the complications of postoperative infection (e.g., removal of an infected device) necessitate precautionary measures despite the lack of statistical support. 当感染率很低的时候难以有效发现预防使用抗生素与安慰剂之间的明显差异。小样本则增加了第二类错误(统计学分析,指样本不是同一总体,译者注)发生的概率,因此,当抗生素存在有效结果时在抗生素与安慰剂之间可能并没有明显的差异。一个有效的研究应是安慰剂对照与每组随机足够大的样本以避免第二类错误。而对于手术预防性使用,大样本是难以实现很好的对照(或控制?)的。这样的话,一些手术预防性使用抗生素效果的数据会存在第二类错误的风险。因为这些障碍,尽管缺乏统计学的支持,由于术后感染这种并发症(例如,被感染的装置的去处),作为必要的预防措施,在某些情况下建议预防性使用, |