认领的翻译工作已经完成!IIE--IIF.
II.F. Safe work practices to prevent HCW exposure to bloodborne
Pathogens预防医务人员暴露于血液传播性病原体的安全操作
II.F.1. Prevention of needlesticks and other sharps-related injuries 针刺伤和其他锐器伤
Injuries due to needles and other sharps have been associated with transmission of HBV, HCV and HIV to healthcare personnel. The prevention of sharps injuries has always been an essential element of Universal and now Standard Precautions. These include measures to handle needles and other sharp devices in a manner that will prevent injury to the user and to others who may encounter the device during or after a procedure. 由于针头和其他锐器伤与HBV、HCV和HIV传播给医务人员有关。锐器伤预防总是普遍预防,现在是标准预防的基本因素。这些预防包括处理针头和其他锐器装置的方法来防止锐器的使用者和其他人员可能在操作过程中或操作后接触到这些锐器而受到伤害。
These measures apply to routine patient care and do not address the prevention of sharps injuries and other blood exposures during surgical and other invasive procedures that are addressed elsewhere. Since 1991, when OSHA first issued its Bloodborne Pathogens Standard to protect healthcare personnel from blood exposure, the focus of regulatory and legislative activity has been on implementing a hierarchy of control measures. 这些(普遍预防的)方法应用于常规的病人护理,在进行外科和其他侵入性操作时不需要像别的地方那样特别强调锐器伤和血液暴露的预防。从1991年起,当OSHA第一次发布血传性病原体的标准预防以保护医务人员免于血液暴露,法规和立法机构的活动已经着重于实施分层的控制方法。
This has included focusing attention on removing sharps hazards through the development and use of engineering controls. The federal Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act signed into law in November, 2000 authorized OSHA's revision of its Bloodborne Pathogens Standard to more explicitly require the use of safety-engineered sharp devices. CDC has provided guidance on sharps injury prevention, including for the design, implementation and evaluation of a comprehensive sharps injury prevention program. 这包括注重通过工程技术的开发和使用以去除锐器伤害。联邦针刺伤安全和预防行动在2000年立法,批准OSHA关于血传性病原体标准预防的修订使其使用安全锐器装置的要求更明了。CDC已经提供锐器伤预防的指南,包括全面的锐器伤预防项目的设计、实施和评价。
II.F.2. Prevention of mucous membrane contact Exposure of mucous
membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth to blood and body fluids has been
associated with the transmission of bloodborne viruses and other infectious
agents to healthcare personnel. The prevention of mucous membrane exposures has always been an element of Universal and now Standard Precautions for routine patient care and is subject to OSHA bloodborne pathogen regulations.
II.F.2. 粘膜接触的预防 眼睛、鼻子和口腔粘膜暴露于血液和体液已经和血传性病毒和其他传染性病原体传播给医务人员有关。粘膜暴露的预防总是常规护理病人时的普遍预防即现在的标准预防的一个要素,是OSHA 血传性病原体法规的内容。
Safe work practices, in addition to wearing PPE, are used to protect mucous membranes and non-intact skin from contact with potentially infectious material. These include keeping gloved and ungloved hands that are contaminated from touching the mouth, nose, eyes, or face; and positioning patients to direct sprays and splatter away from the face of the caregiver.
安全操作加上穿戴个人防护设施,用于保护粘膜和非完整皮肤免于接触潜在的传染性病原体。这些包括保持护理者因触碰口腔、鼻子或脸以及安置患者时接触到飞沫和溅污而污染戴手套和不戴手套的双手不接触其脸部。
Careful placement of PPE before patient contact will help avoid the need to make PPE adjustments and possible face or mucous membrane contamination during use. In areas where the need for resuscitation is unpredictable, mouthpieces, pocket resuscitation masks with one-way valves, and other ventilation devices provide an alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, preventing exposure of the caregiver’s nose and mouth to oral and respiratory fluids during the procedure. 接触病人前仔细的穿戴个人防护设施有助于避免调整防护用品以及在使用过程中可能的脸部或粘膜的污染。在未能预计是否需要复苏的地方,口鼻罩、带单向瓣膜的便携式复苏器和其他通气装置可作为口对口复苏的替代,预防救护者实施救护过程中鼻子和口腔对口部和呼吸体液的暴露。
II.F.2.a. Precautions during aerosol-generating procedures The performance of procedures that can generate small particle aerosols (aerosol-generating procedures), such as bronchoscopy, endotracheal intubation, and open suctioning of the respiratory tract, have been associated with transmission of infectious agents to healthcare personnel, including M. tuberculosis, SARSCoV and N. meningitidis、.
II.F.2.a. 进行产生气溶胶操作时的预防 进行产生气溶胶颗粒的操作(气溶胶产生操作),如气管切开、插管,和呼吸到开放吸引,跟传染性病原体传播给医务人员有关,包括结核、SARS冠状病毒和脑膜炎奈瑟菌。
Protection of the eyes, nose and mouth, in addition to gown and gloves, is recommended during performance of these procedures in accordance with Standard Precautions. Use of a particulate respirator is recommended during aerosol-generating procedures when the aerosol is likely to contain M. tuberculosis, SARS-CoV, or avian or pandemic influenza viruses. 根据标准预防的原则,进行这些操作时建议保护眼睛、鼻子和口腔加上隔离袍和手套。当气溶胶可能含有结核菌、SARS冠状病毒或禽流感或流感病毒时,建议在进行可产生气溶胶的操作时使用特殊的呼吸器。 |