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生物是我们（整体的一部分）
Over the pastseveral years, studies have revealed an astonishing diversity in our so-calledmicrobiome. Port-folios of resident microorganisms vary from individual toindividual—even twin to twin—and from body part to body part. Researchers wereleft scratching their heads over whether they would ever make sense of thecomposition of these communities or show how they affect human health.
在过去的几年中，研究发现在我们所谓的微生组中有着惊人的多样性。定居在人体内的微生物谱在人与人之间、甚至在孪生子与孪生子之间、身体一部分与身体另一部分之间也都千差万别。这些微生物群落组成是否有意义或者显示它们是如何影响人体健康的问题一直困扰着研究人员。
In 2011,researchers discerned a pattern amid the complexity. A European consortiumevaluated the gut microbial makeup of 22 Europeans using differences in abacterial gene to distinguish the species within and between individuals. Theycompared these microbiomes with about a dozen previously characterized in Japanand the United States.
2011年，研究人员在这种复杂性中辨别出一种模式。一个欧洲协会通过用一种细菌基因的差异来区分个体内部和个体之间的细菌种类而评估了22例欧洲人的肠道微生物组成。他们把这些微生组与十几个以前在日本和美国已经确立特征的微生物组进行了比较。
Far from beingrandom, our internal microbial communities fell roughly into three enterotypes,which the researchers dubbed Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcusafter the dominant microbe in each. The gut microbiomes from larger samples of154 Americans and 85 Danes also fit well into three groups, indicating thatthere are a limited number of well-balanced communities in the human gut. Theclassifications weren't correlated with people's age, weight, sex, ornationality. Each enterotype differed in how it processed energy and in whichvitamins it produced, factors that could influence the health of the humanhost.
我们内部的微生物群落大致可以被随机分为三个肠型，研究人员根据每个主导微生物的情况而称为类杆菌属，普雷沃属，和瘤胃球菌属。由154名美国人和85丹麦人组成的较大样本的肠道微生物组也适合分成这三组，这表明在人体肠道内均衡群落的数量很有限。肠型的分类与人的年龄，体重，性别或国籍不相关。每一个肠型在如何处理能源、产生哪一种维生素、可能影响人类宿主健康的因素等方面有所不同。
More work isneeded to confirm that enterotypes are real. Meanwhile, another team found thattypes seem to correlate with diet. For example, Bacteroides thrived onhigh-meat diets; Prevotella did well with vegetarian fare. Neitherenterotype was affected by 10 days of dietary restrictions, suggesting thatthey are more influenced by long-term eating trends.
将来还需要更多的工作来确认肠型的真实性。同时另一个研究小组发现，肠型似乎与饮食相关。例如，高肉类饮食使类杆菌属迅速繁殖；素食促进普雷沃属。两种肠型都不受10天饮食限制的影响，表明他们受更长期的饮食趋势的影响。
This year,researchers also made other strides in understanding how diet affects themicrobiome. They introduced 10 human gut bacteria into germ-free mice andmonitored the composition of the bacterial community as the mice consumeddifferent proportions of protein, fat, starch, and sugar. The results suggestedrules for predicting how a change in food will alter the abundance of eachspecies. The approach will help clarify the interplay between diet and microbesin nutrition and disease.
这一年中，研究人员还在了解饮食如何影响微生物组的方面迈出了一大步。他们引入10种人的肠道细菌到无菌小鼠和在小鼠消耗不同比例的蛋白质，脂肪，淀粉和糖过程中监测细菌群落组成的变化。结果提示了一些可以预测食物的变化将如何改变每个菌群丰度的规则。在营养与疾病中该方法将有助于澄清饮食和微生物之间的相互作用。
Several otherstudies provided more clues about the microbiome's role in disease,development, and immune function. Going even smaller, researchers continued tocharacterize the virome: all the viruses of the body. Far from being alieninvaders, our microbes are integral to who and what we are.
其他一些研究对微生物在疾病、发育和免疫功能中的作用也提供了更多的线索。研究人员将继续分辨甚至更小的病毒组的特征：身体内所有病毒。从外来入侵者，我们的微生物已经整合到我们是谁和我们是什么的整体。
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发表于 2011-12-29 10:27
发表于 2011-12-29 10:47