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发表于 2011-11-16 01:47
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微生物实验室在感染控制中的作用（借助Google的翻译工具）
微生物实验室在控制医院感染有举足轻重的作用。微生物学家通常是感染控制主任。在医院感染控制项目中，部门的作用包括：
The microbiology laboratory has a pivotal role in the control of hospital associated infections. The microbiologist is usually the Infection Control Officer. The role of the department in the HAI control programme includes:
- 病原体的鉴定 - 实验室应能够鉴定常见的细菌种的水平;Identification of pathogens - the laboratory should be capable of identifying the common bacteria to the species level;
- 抗菌治疗提供意见; Provision of advice on antimicrobial therapy;
- 标本采集和运输提供意见;Provision of advice on specimen collection and transport;
- 提供信息在常见病原体药敏，Provision of information on antimicrobial susceptibility of common pathogens, and
- 医院感染的数据和耐药特征的定期报告 - 定期报告这些资料是微生物科提供的一项重要服务。报告频率由感染控制委员会的决定。 Periodic reporting of hospital infection data and antimicrobial resistance pattern - The periodic reporting of such dates is an important service provided by the microbiology department. The frequency of this should be as determined by the ICC.
- 确定来源和感染传播模式 - 携带者和环境的培养，来识别引起感染的微生物（爆发微生物）的来源。进行培养的部位选择，取决于已知的流行病学和微生物的生存特点; Identification of sources and mode of transmission of infection - Culture of carriers, environment for identifying the source of the organism causing infection (outbreak organism). The selection of sites for culture depends upon the known epidemiology and survival characteristics of the organism;
- 从病人、携带者和环境分离菌株的流行病学分型; Epidemiological typing of the isolates from cases, carriers and environment;
- 医院工作人员或环境的微生物测试 - 对有流行病学意义的微生物的潜在携带者进行测试。作为感染控制项目的一部分，微生物实验室可能需要培养医院感染潜在的环境和人员来源。这通常限于爆发时需要确定来源和传播途径。不推荐常规微生物采样和测试;Microbiological testing of hospital personnel or environment - Testing for potential carriers of epidemiologically significant organisms. As a part of the infection control programme, the microbiology laboratory at times may need to culture potential environmental and personnel sources of noscomial infections. Usually this is limited to outbreak situation when the source and method of transmission needs to be identified. Routine microbiological sampling and testing is not recommended;
- 为医院内灭菌和消毒包括灭菌的生物监测提供支持。Provide support for sterilization and disinfection in the facility including biological monitoring of sterilization.
- 为医院物品的微生物检验提供设施，在认为必要时 - 这些可能包括：婴儿饲品的采样;血液制品和透析液的监测，消毒设备采样的质量控制;不建议额外的无菌试验，对已经商业灭菌的设施;Provide facilities for microbiological testing of hospital materials when considered necessary - These may include: sampling of infant feeds; monitoring of blood products and dialysis fluids; quality control sampling of disinfected equipment; additional sterility testing of commercially sterilized equipment is not recommended;
- 提供给工作人员的感染控制培训，这种形式是感染控制项目的重要组成部分。各医院应制定员工培训计划。应针对不同类别的工作人员，培训他们职业相关的内容。感染控制护士在培训和教育中扮演主要角色。培训计划的目的是彻底引导所有医院工作人员了解医院感染的特征，及其预防和治疗的方法。由于各医院的员工有不同的功能和他们的教育水平是不同的，训练计划需要改变，以适应每个工作人员职类的功能要求，并应相应调整。训练之前，应当由需求评估调查。培训计划应包括以下内容： Provide training for personnel involved in infection control -This forms an important part of the Infection Control Programme. Each hospital should develop an employee training programme. Different categories of staff should be targeted through this programme training relevant to their functions. The Infection Control Nurse plays a major part in training and education. The aim of the training programme is to thoroughly orient all hospital personnel to the nature of HAI and to ways of prevention and treatment. As the various hospital employees have different functions and their level of education is different, the training programme needs to be altered to suit the functional requirements of each category of staff and should be adapted accordingly. Training should be preceded by a needs assessment survey. The training programme should include the following:
- 感染的基本概念;Basic concepts of infection;
- 与特定类别的工作有关的危害;Hazards associated with their particular category of work.;
- 接受他们的个人责任，并在医院感染控制中的作用;Acceptance of their personal responsibility and role in the control of hospital infection;
- 防止在医院内感染传播的方法，和Methods to prevent the transmission of infection in the hospital, and
- 安全工作实践。Safe work practice.
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