英语难句分析【每日一贴】

鬼才

1、If the kidneys have to remove too large quantities of waste material of a poisonous nature, they may become damaged. In turn, if they become diseased they allow waste products to accumulate in the body and permit the albumin of the blood to leak through into the urine.

分析：① have to remove ( = must remove)是复合谓语。Have＋动词不定式表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情，这时have to …可译作“不得不……”、“只得……”、“只好……”、“必须……”。它可用　于现在时态、过去时态、将来时态和完成时态。例如：“I have to go now.”（我得走了）、“I had to go yesterday.”（昨天我不得不去）、“I shall have to go next Monday.”(我下星期一必须去)、“I have had to go three times already.”(我已经不得不去过三次了)。②　too 是表示程度的副词，可用来修饰形容词和副词，作“太”、“过于”解。例如：“Don’t read too fast.”(不要念得太快)、“The shirt is too large for me.”(这衬衫我穿太大)；③ damaged 是过去分词，作表语，diseased是形容词，作表语。④ to accumulate in the body和to leak through into the urine都是动词不定词短语，作宾语补足语；⑤在allow sb. or sth. to do sth. 和permit sb. or sth. to do sth.中，allow和permit都是使役动词，可译作“使……”或“让……”。

参考译文：如果肾脏必须排除的毒性废物的量太大，就会受到损害。而如果肾脏有病，它会让废物积聚在体内并使血液中的白蛋白渗漏到尿里。

xinanw

是否可以这样意译：
肾脏负荷过大，就会造成肾脏功能的损坏，进而会出现肾功能障碍，导致有毒物质在体内聚集和形成蛋白尿。

栀子

谢谢鬼才老师的讲解，以后我会经常来这里学习，慢慢逐步提高自己的英语水平。

鬼才

2、 certain granules seen in the cells of glands are believed to be precursors of secretion which is later to leave the cell.
分析：①seen in the cells of glands，是过去分词短语，作定语，修饰granules。②are believed是谓语。to be precursors of secretion是动词不定式短语，作主语补足语。precursors of secretion是动词不定式to be的表语，precursor在这里可译作“前身”。③which is later to leave the cell是由关系代词which引导的定语从句。④is to leave是由助动词be+动词不定式构成的复合谓语，表示根据安排要发生的事情或是客观上一定会（或注定要）发生的事情。例如：“A new hospital is to be built near our college.”(在我们学院附近要修建一所新医院)、“The patient is to sit erect.”(患者要坐直)、“The method is to be described in detail.”(这种方法将予以详细说明)。
参考译文：人们认为某些在腺体细胞中所见到的颗粒，是以后将要离开细胞的分泌物的前身。

鬼才

3、without a thorough knowledge of anatomy a surgeon would not be able to perform highly complicated operations that require the penetration of the knife into any organ of the body – the heart, the brain, and the inside of the eye even.
分析：①without a thorough knowledge of anatomy是介词短语，作状语，表示条件，相当于if a surgeon did not have a thorough knowledge of anatomy.　主句中谓语用would not be able to perform，表示与现在事实相反的条件和结果。例如，“Without water, nothing could live.”，译为“没有水，什么也活不了”。②the heart、the brain和the inside of the eye是同位语，同位于organ。③even是副词，作状语。
参考译文：如果不懂解剖学，外科医生就不能做很复杂的手术，这种手术是需要手术刀进入机体的任何器官――心脏、脑、甚至眼睛里面的。