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主动筛查已经开展了30多年了,比较经典的是荷兰和北欧地区的"search and destroy"策略,来控制MDRO的感染和传播(以MRSA为代表)。
当然也有很多地方开展ASC (OR AS)并未得到显著的效应。
以MRSA为例,很多医院都作为了常规项目,比如香港,美国(有些州甚至作为立法要求一定要进行 MRSA ASC)。
那么我想问个问题,主动筛检是否真的能降低MRSA的感染呢?理论上这是出于控制传染源的考虑。
根据最近发表过的询证研究报告,目前的研究数据表明,似乎并未证实这种关联。
Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;9(9):546-54. Abstract
Detection and eradication of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a public health priority worldwide. Our aim was to do a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, non-randomised, and observational studies to summarise the available evidence on the effect of MRSA detection by rapid screening tests on hospital-acquired MRSA infections and acquisition rate. Eligible studies were retrieved from Medline, EmBase, Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane database. We judged as eligible those studies that compared hospitals and wards in which active screening for the detection of MRSA carriers was done at hospital admission by use of a rapid molecular test to those in which active screening was done with culture alone or not at all. To account for statistical heterogeneity between studies, random-effects models were used. Ten studies (nine interventional studies and one unblinded, cluster-randomised, crossover trial) were reviewed. Meta-analysis was done for studies reporting data on the same outcome. Primary outcomes included MRSA acquisition rate per 1000 patient-days (four studies); incidence of MRSA bloodstream infections per 1000 patient-days (three studies); and incidence of MRSA surgical-site infections per 100 surgical procedures (five studies). Compared with culture screening, use of rapid screening tests was not associated with a significant decrease in MRSA acquisition rate (risk ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.61-1.24). Between wards applying rapid screening tests and those not applying screening, we noted a significantly decreased risk for MRSA bloodstream infections (0.54, 95% CI 0.41-0.71), but not for MRSA surgical-site infections (0.69, 95% CI 0.46-1.01). We conclude that active screening for MRSA is more important than the type of test used. Since important and costly decisions, such as mandatory legislation for MRSA universal screening, are under consideration in many countries worldwide, policy makers should be aware of the limits and the heterogeneity of the available evidence.
当然笔者在文中和讨论中结论比较保守,并未否认AS的作用。
(导致阴性结论的原因比较复杂,有可能是假阴性,因为研究中存在异质性,还有其他干预措施都有可能影响ASC的效果评价,各研究依从性也存在偏差)。
那么第二个问题,如果ASC真正有效果,那么怎样才能把他推向深入呢?提高他的效率。
诚挚希望已经开展或者有过相关经验的院感同仁给予指点! |