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本帖最后由 jerkran 于 2024-7-6 15:29 编辑
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Introduction: 导言：
In the realm of hospital infections, the application of epidemiological principles is indispensable for the effective management and prevention of infectious diseases. Epidemiology, as a scientific discipline, provides a systematic approach to studying the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations. When applied to the field of hospital-acquired infections, it becomes a powerful tool in assessing risks, identifying patterns, and implementing control measures.
┇在医院感染领域，运用流行病学原理对于有效管理和预防感染性疾病至关重要。作为一门科学学科，流行病学为研究人群中与健康相关事件的分布和决定因素提供了系统化的方法。当应用于医院获得性感染领域时，它成为了评估风险、识别模式和实施控制措施的有力工具。
In the context of healthcare settings, a thorough understanding of epidemiological principles is essential for healthcare professionals to effectively combat hospital-acquired infections. By integrating bilingual learning into their practice, healthcare providers can enhance their knowledge and skills in applying epidemiological methods to investigate and control infectious outbreaks.
┇在医疗环境中，医护人员对流行病学原理的深入了解对于有效应对医院获得性感染至关重要。通过将双语学习融入实践中，医疗提供者可以增强他们应用流行病学方法调查和控制感染性疾病爆发的知识和技能。
Bilingual learning, in this context, refers to the acquisition and utilization of knowledge in both the local language and a second language. In healthcare settings, where multicultural and multilingual interactions are common, bilingual proficiency can facilitate effective communication with diverse patient populations and healthcare professionals. Moreover, bilingual healthcare professionals are better equipped to access and utilize epidemiological research and information available in multiple languages, enabling them to stay updated on the latest developments and practices in infection control.
┇在这一背景下，双语学习指的是获取和运用本地语言和第二语言的知识。在医疗环境中，多文化和多语言交流很常见，双语能力可以促进与不同患者群体和医护人员的有效沟通。此外，双语医护人员更能够获取和利用多种语言的流行病学研究和信息，使他们能够及时了解感染控制领域的最新发展和实践。
Therefore, the integration of bilingual learning with epidemiological principles in the field of hospital infections not only strengthens the abilities of healthcare professionals but also enhances the overall effectiveness of infection control measures. By embracing bilingualism in their professional development, healthcare providers can contribute to the advancement of public health practices and the well-being of individuals in diverse healthcare environments.
┇因此，在医院感染领域，将双语学习与流行病学原理结合起来不仅强化了医护人员的能力，还提高了感染控制措施的整体效果。通过在专业发展中接受双语教育，医疗提供者可以促进公共卫生实践的发展，增进多样化医疗环境中个体的福祉。
一、简介
This course has key features and applications of descriptive and analytic epidemiology, an in-depth study of public health surveillance, and a step-by-step description of outbreak investigations. It will show you how to calculate and interpret frequency measures (ratios, proportions and rates) and measures of central tendency, how to use tables, graphs, and charts to organize, summarize, and display data.
本课程具有描述性和分析性流行病学的主要特点和应用，对公共卫生监测的深入研究，以及对疫情调查的分步描述。它将向您展示如何计算和解释频率度量（比率、比例和速率）和集中趋势度量，如何使用表格、图形和图表来组织、汇总和显示数据。
A calculator with square root and logarithmic functions may be needed for some of the course exercises. In addition, Heymann’s Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 21th Edition, from the American Public Health Association is recommended for reference.
某些课程练习可能需要具有平方根和对数函数的计算器。此外，推荐参考美国公共卫生协会的Heymann的《传染病控制手册》第21版。（下一个系列更新此手册）
The course provides information and updates on:
该课程提供有关以下方面的信息和更新： · Computer technology to create graphics and figures
·创建图形和图片的计算机技术 · How geographic information systems identify geographic patterns
·地理信息系统如何识别地理模式 · Syndromic surveillance ·症状监测 · Descriptions of core epidemiologic functions
·核心流行病学功能的描述 · Tips for organizing data
·组织数据的提示 · Measures of public health impact
·公共卫生影响措施 · Identifying health problems for surveillance
·识别健康问题进行监测 · Identifying or collecting data for surveillance
·识别或收集用于监视的数据 · Analyzing and interpreting surveillance data
·分析和解释监控数据 · Disseminating data ·反馈数据 A basic understanding of the practices of public health and biostatistics is recommended before taking this course.
在学习本课程之前，建议对公共卫生和生物统计学的实践有基本的了解。 This course [book] was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a self-study course. Continuing Education for this course is no longer available.本课程 [书] 由美国疾病控制与预防中心 （CDC） 开发，作为自学课程。本课程的继续教育不再可用。
二、学习目标
Objectives 目标Students who successfully complete this course should be able to correctly:
成功完成本课程的学生应该能够正确地： Describe key features and applications of descriptive and analytic epidemiology.
描述描述性和分析性流行病学的主要特征和应用。 Calculate and interpret ratios, proportions, incidence rates, mortality rates, prevalence, and years of potential life lost.
计算和解释比率、比例、发病率、死亡率、患病率和潜在生命损失年数。 Calculate and interpret mean, median, mode, ranges, variance, standard deviation, and confidence interval.
计算和解释均值、中位数、众数、范围、方差、标准差和置信区间。 Prepare and apply tables, graphs, and charts such as arithmetic-scale line, scatter diagram, pie chart, and box plot.
准备和应用表格、图形和图表，例如算术刻度折线图、散点图、饼图和箱形图。 Describe the processes, uses, and evaluation of public health surveillance.
描述公共卫生监测的过程、用途和评估。 Describe the steps of an outbreak investigation.
描述爆发调查的步骤。
三、学习内容
1.Course Design 课程设计This course covers basic epidemiology principles, concepts, and procedures useful in the surveillance and investigation of health-related states or events. It is designed for federal, state, and local government health professionals and private sector health professionals who are responsible for disease surveillance or investigation. A basic understanding of the practices of public health and biostatistics is recommended.
本课程涵盖基本的流行病学原则、概念和程序，可用于监测和调查与健康相关的状态或事件。它专为负责疾病监测或调查的联邦、州和地方政府卫生专业人员和私营部门卫生专业人员而设计。建议对公共卫生和生物统计学的实践有基本的了解。 2.Course Materials 课程材料 The course materials consist of six lessons. Each lesson presents instructional text interspersed with relevant exercises that apply and test knowledge and skills gained. 课程材料由六节课组成。每节课都提供教学文本，并穿插相关练习，以应用和测试所获得的知识和技能。
3.课程内容 1）Lesson One: Introduction to Epidemiology 第一课：流行病学概论 Key features and applications of descriptive and analytic epidemiology描述性和分析性流行病学的主要特点和应用 Lesson Overview 课程概述 Section 1: Definition of Epidemiology第1节 流行病学的定义 Section 2: Historical Evolution of Epidemiology第2节 流行病学的历史演变 Section 3: Uses 第 3 节：用途 Section 4: Core Epidemiologic Functions第4节 核心流行病学职能 Section 5: The Epidemiologic Approach第5节 流行病学方法 Section 6: Descriptive Epidemiology第6节：描述性流行病学 Section 7: Analytic Epidemiology第7节 流行病学分析 Section 8: Concepts of Disease Occurrence第 8 节：疾病发生的概念 Section 9: Natural History and Spectrum of Disease第 9 部分：自然史和疾病谱 Section 10: Chain of Infection第10节：感染链 Section 11: Epidemic Disease Occurrence第11节 流行性疾病的发生 Summary, References, and Websites摘要、参考资料和网站 Exercise Answers 练习答案 Self-Assessment Quiz 自我评估测验 Answers to Self-Assessment Quiz自我评估测验答案 2）Lesson Two: Summarizing Data第二课：汇总数据 Calculation and interpretation of mean, median, mode, ranges, variance, standard deviation, and confidence interval均值、中位数、众数、范围、方差、标准差和置信区间的计算和解释 Lesson Overview 课程概述 Section 1: Organizing Data第 1 节：组织数据 Section 2: Types of Variables第 2 节：变量类型 Section 3: Frequency Distributions第 3 节：频率分布 Section 4: Properties of Frequency Distributions第 4 节：频率分布的性质 Section 5: Methods for Summarizing Data第 5 节：汇总数据的方法 Section 6: Measures of Central Location第 6 节：中心位置的措施 Section 7: Measures of Spread第7节 传播措施 Section 8: Choosing the Right Measure of Central Location and Spread第 8 节：选择正确的中心位置和传播措施 Summary and References 摘要和参考资料 Exercise Answers 练习答案 Self-Assessment Quiz 自我评估测验 Answers to Self-Assessment Quiz自我评估测验答案 3）Lesson Three: Measures of Risk第三课：风险测量指标 Calculation and interpretation of ratios, proportions, incidence rates, mortality rates, prevalence, and years of potential life lost计算和解释比率、比例、发病率、死亡率、患病率和潜在寿命损失年数 Lesson Overview 课程概述 Section 1: Frequency Measures第 1 节：频率测量 Section 2: Morbidity Frequency Measures第 2 节：发病频率测量 Section 3: Mortality Frequency Measures第 3 节：死亡率测量 Section 4: Natality (Birth) Measures第4节 出生率（出生）测量 Section 5: Measures of Association第5节 关联测量指标 Section 6: Measures of Public Health Impact第6节 公共卫生影响的措施 Summary and References 总结和参考资料 Exercise Answers 练习答案 Self-Assessment Quiz 自我评估测验 Answers to Self-Assessment Quiz自我评估测验答案 4）Lesson Four: Displaying Public Health Data第四课：公共卫生数据可视化 Preparation and application of tables, graphs, and charts such as arithmetic-scale line, histograms, pie chart, and box plot表格、图形和图表的准备和应用，例如算术刻度折线图、直方图、饼图和箱形图 Lesson Overview 课程概述 Section 1: Introduction to Tables and Graphs第 1 节：表格和图形简介 Section 2: Tables 第 2 节：表格 Section 3: Graphs 第 3 节：图表 Section 4: Other Data Displays第4节：其他数据显示 Section 5: Using Computer Technology第 5 节：使用计算机技术 Summary and References 摘要和参考资料 Exercise Answers 练习答案 Self-Assessment Quiz 自我评估测验 Answers to Self-Assessment Quiz自我评估测验答案 5）Lesson Five: Public Health Surveillance第五课：公共卫生监测 Processes, uses, and evaluation of public health surveillance in the United States美国公共卫生监测的过程、使用和评估 Lesson Overview 课程概述 Section 1: Introduction 第 1 部分：引言 Section 2: Purpose and Characteristics of Public Health Surveillance第二节 公共卫生监测的目的和特点 Section 3: Identifying Health Problems for Surveillance第 3 部分：识别用于监测的健康问题 Section 4: Identifying or Collecting Data for Surveillance第 4 节：识别或收集用于监视的数据 Section 5: Analyzing and Interpreting Data第 5 部分：分析和解释数据 Section 6: Disseminating Data and Interpretations第6节：传播数据和解释 Section 7: Evaluating and Improving Surveillance第 7 节：评估和改进监控 Summary 总结 Appendix A. CDC Fact Sheet on Chlamydia附录 A. CDC 关于衣原体的情况说明书 Appendix B. Examples of Surveillance附录 B. 监控实例 Appendix C. Examples of Surveillance附录 C. 监控实例 Appendix D. Major Health Data Systems in the United States附录 D. 美国的主要健康数据系统 Appendix E. Limitations of Notifiable Disease Surveillance and Recommendations for Improvement附录E. 须呈报疾病监测的局限性及改进建议 Exercise Answers 练习答案 Self-Assessment Quiz 自我评估测验 Answers to Self-Assessment Quiz自我评估测验答案 6）Lesson Six: Investigating an Outbreak第六课：调查疫情 Steps of an outbreak investigation疫情调查的步骤 Lesson Overview 课程概述 Section 1: Introduction to Investigating an Outbreak第 1 部分：调查疫情简介 Section 2: Steps of an Outbreak Investigation第 2 节：疫情调查的步骤 Summary and References 摘要和参考资料 Exercise Answers 练习答案 Self-Assessment Quiz 自我评估测验 Answers to Self-Assessment Quiz自我评估测验答案 7）Glossary 词汇表A Glossary that defines the major terms used in the course is also provided at the end of Lesson Six.第六课末尾还提供了定义课程中使用的主要术语的词汇表。 8）Supplementary Materials 补充材料 In addition to the course materials, students may want to use the following: 除课程材料外，学生可能还希望使用以下内容： A calculator with square root and logarithmic functions for some of the exercises.
具有平方根和对数函数的计算器，用于某些练习。 A copy of Heymann, DL, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 18th edition, 2004, for reference. Available from the American Public Health Association (202) 777-2742.
Heymann， DL， ed.《传染病控制手册》2004年第18版，供参考。可从美国公共卫生协会 （202） 777-2742 获得。
四、学习方法
1.General Instructions 一般说明Self-study courses are “self-paced.” We recommend that a lesson be completed within two weeks. To get the most out of this course, establish a regular time and method of study. Research has shown that these factors greatly influence learning ability. 自学课程是“自定进度”的。我们建议在两周内完成一堂课。为了充分利用本课程，请建立固定的学习时间和方法。研究表明，这些因素极大地影响了学习能力。 Each lesson in the course consists of reading, exercises, and a self-assessment quiz. 课程中的每一节课都包括阅读、练习和自我评估测验。 2.Reading Assignments 阅读作业 Complete the assigned reading before attempting to answer the self-assessment questions. Read thoroughly and re-read for understanding as necessary. A casual reading may result in missing useful information which supports main themes. Assignments are designed to cover one or two major subject areas. However, as you progress, it is often necessary to combine previous learning to accomplish new skills. A review of previous lessons may be necessary. Frequent visits to the Glossary may also be useful. 在尝试回答自我评估问题之前，完成指定的阅读材料。仔细阅读，必要时重新阅读以理解。随意阅读可能会导致缺少支持主题的有用信息。作业旨在涵盖一个或两个主要学科领域。但是，随着您的进步，通常需要结合以前的学习来完成新技能。可能需要回顾以前的课程。经常访问词汇表也可能有用。 3.Exercises 习题 Exercises are included within each lesson to help you apply the lesson content. Some exercises may be more applicable to your workplace and background than others. You should review the answers to all exercises since the answers are very detailed. Answers to the exercises can be found at the end of each lesson. Your answers to these exercises are valuable study guides for the final examination. 每节课都包含练习，以帮助您应用课程内容。有些练习可能比其他练习更适合您的工作场所和背景。您应该查看所有练习的答案，因为答案非常详细。练习的答案可以在每节课的末尾找到。您对这些练习的回答是期末考试的宝贵学习指南。 4.Self-Assessment Quizzes 自我评估测验 After completing the reading assignment, answer the self-assessment quizzes before continuing to the next lesson. Answers to the quizzes can be found at the end of the lesson. After passing all six lesson quizzes, you should be prepared for the final examination. 完成阅读作业后，回答自我评估测验，然后继续下一课。测验的答案可以在课程结束时找到。通过所有六节课测验后，您应该为期末考试做好准备。 Self-assessment quizzes are open book.
自我评估测验是开卷的。 Unless otherwise noted, choose ALL CORRECT answers.
除非另有说明，否则请选择所有正确答案。 Do not guess at the answer.
不要猜测答案。 You should score at least 70% correct before continuing to the next lesson.
在继续下一课之前，您应该至少正确 70%。
5.Tips for Answering Questions回答问题的提示 Carefully read the question.
仔细阅读问题。
Note that it may ask, “Which is CORRECT?” as well as “Which is NOT CORRECT?” or “Which is the EXCEPTION?”
请注意，它可能会问，“哪个是正确的？”以及“哪个是不正确的？”或“哪个是例外？” Read all the choices given.
阅读给出的所有选项。
One choice may be a correct statement, but another choice may be more nearly correct or complete for the question that is asked.
一个选项可能是一个正确的陈述，但对于所提出的问题，另一个选项可能更接近正确或完整。
6.Final Examination and Course Evaluation期末考试和课程评估 We recommend that you thoroughly review the questions included with each lesson. There is no final exam.我们建议您仔细复习每节课中包含的问题。没有期末考试。
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