6课 文章中的各种逻辑关系
科技英语文体的语言特点是准确和严密。它在揭露客观现象的存在状态、变化过程和相互关系以及在其理论的分析中,非常注重思想的逻辑性和事物之间的各种逻辑关系。这些不同的关系主要包括同位解释、增补、推理、转折、重述和总结,它们需要特定的连接性词语来表达。反过来,我们在阅读时要善于通过这些语言符号,正确理解它们所要表达的不同事物间各种内在的逻辑关系。
1 同位解释
同位是指与前面词语处在句子同一成分内的语言部分,它可以是词、短语或从句。其作用是表示前面事物的另一名称、解释或说明。连接的方式有逗号、破折号或一定的词语如or, namely, viz. 等。例如:Thiotepa, a cytotoxic drug, is given by injection to
treat the cancer of the breast or ovary, lymphoma, and sarcoma. (从术语到一般)
硫替派是细胞毒性药物,用于注射治疗乳腺或卵巢的癌肿、淋巴瘤和肉瘤。
The genes on each chromosome are arranged in pairs and in strict order, with each gene occupying a specific location or locus. (从一般到术语)
每条染色体上的基因成对地排列,有严格的次序,每一个基因占据特定的位置,即位点。
Milk contains a considerable quantity of Vitamin A 2000 international units per
pint.
牛奶含有较大量的维生素A—每品脱含有2000国际单位。
There are currently two drugs app roved by the Food and Drug Administration for weight loss, namely sibutramine (Meridia) and orlistat (Xenical).
目前食品与药物管理局批准了两种减肥药,即:西布曲明(曲美) 和奥利司他(赛尼可) 。
The school offers two basic modules in medicine,viz. anatomy and biochemistry.
学校提供两个基本的医学模块,即解剖学和生物化学。
The technique also had the advantage that it could be repeated without causing damage.
此技术还有一个优点,即可以重复进行而不造成损伤。
2 增补
常用的连接词语除and, also外,还有besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover等。
Besides, unhapp iness is like a disease-- it gradually eclip ses interest in everything else.
此外,不愉快就像是一种疾病,它逐渐使人无论在哪方面都失去了兴趣。
. . . and in addition, the recip ients of kidneys from spousal donors may comply better with the immunosuppressive-drug and other treatments.
而且,来自配偶供体肾的受体可能更好地适应免疫抑制性药物和其他疗法。
Furthermore, cholinergic neurons have been implicated in addiction to opiates and alcohol and in physiologic dependence and withdrawal syndromes.
而且,胆碱能神经元与阿片和酒精的成瘾性、生理依赖性和戒断综合征均有关。
Moreover, the same etiologic factor may give rise to a great diversity of eruptions.
此外,同一种病因可引起各种各样的皮损。
3 推理
常用的连接词语有therefore, thus, hence, from this it follows that, accordingly等。
Concomitant measures are therefore required in all these areas so that the human body can make the most of its own defence mechanisms.
因而有必要在这些领域里同时采取措施,使人体充分发挥其自身防御机制的潜能。
These tagged antibodies recognize tumor cells and bind with them, thus bringing the radiopharmaceutical directly to the tumor tissue.
这些含有添加物的抗体能识别肿瘤细胞并与之结合,因而将放射药物直接带到肿瘤组织。
From this it follows that many accidents come from carelessness.
由此可以得出结论,许多意外事故都是由于粗心大意造成的。
4 转折
常用的连接词语有however, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
However, there is research available now that shows that sunscreens are already
providing protection against pre-cancers.
然而,现在有研究表明,防晒霜已经能够提供对前期癌症的保护。
The epididymal tumor becomes smaller; nevertheless, almost always a residual inflammation remains .
附睾肿块变小,但几乎总有残余炎症存留。
On the contrary, benzene hexachloride and several related compounds frequently
produce illness in which a convulsion is the first sign of injury.
相反,六氯苯和几种有关化合物致病时,惊厥往往是损伤的第一个体征。
Mild mania, so called hypomania, on the other hand, may in some circumstances be positively advantageous.
但另一方面,轻度躁狂,即所谓轻症躁狂,在某些情况下可能有明显的益处。
5 重述
常用的连接词语有that is, that is to say, in other words, as stated p reviously, as we have seen before等。
The basic principles are the same, that is, to p revent the spread and cause the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.
它们的基本原理是相同的,也就是要防止致病微生物的传播和消灭致病微生物。
Any drug is of no use for this patient, that is to say,treatment of this acute disease requires operative measures.
任何药物对这个病人都无作用,也就是说,治疗这种急性病需要施行手术。
In other words, only staff who have symptoms are contagious and can transmit the disease.
换言之,只有那些表现出症状的医护工作人员才具有传染性,才会传播这种疾病。
As stated previously, arthritismay refer to dozens of different types of joint involvement.
如前所述,关节炎可以涉及到几十种不同类型的关节疾患。
6 总结
常用的连接词语有to conclude, to sum up, to summarize, in conclusion, in a word, in short等。
To sum up, movement, growth, response to stimuli,and reproduction are the four main properties that make living things different from non-living ones.
总之,活动、生长、对刺激的反应以及繁殖是使生物区别于非生物的4个主要特征。
To summarize, the task of medicine is to preserve and restore health and relieve suffering.
总之,医学的任务是保持和恢复健康,解除痛苦。
In conclusion, the NMP22 assay may be a useful adjunct to cystoscopy for diagnosing bladder cancer.
总而言之,NMP22试验可能是诊断膀胱癌时所用膀胱镜检查的有效辅助方式。
Aspirin, in short, is truly the 20th century wonder drug.
总之阿司匹林真是20世纪的奇妙药物。
In a word, the patient’s age is a most important factor in the evaluation of gynecologic signs and symptoms.
总之,患者的年龄对评价妇科症状和体征是一个非常重要的因素。
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