做好口头表达的十个简单规则

David

Ten Simple Rules for Making Good Oral Presentations0


Funding. The author received no specific funding for this article.
Competing interests. The author has declared that no competing interests exist.
Citation: Bourne PE (2007) Ten Simple Rules for Making Good Oral Presentations. PLoS Comput Biol 3(4): e77 doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030077
Published: April 27, 2007
Copyright: © 2007 Philip E. Bourne. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Dr. Philip E. Bourne is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America. E-mail: bourne@sdsc.edu
Continuing our “Ten Simple Rules” series [1–5], we consider here what it takes to make a good oral presentation. While the rules apply broadly across disciplines, they are certainly important from the perspective of this readership. Clear and logical delivery of your ideas and scientific results is an important component of a successful scientific career. Presentations encourage broader dissemination of your work and highlight work that may not receive attention in written form.
Rule 1: Talk to the Audience
We do not mean face the audience, although gaining eye contact with as many people as possible when you present is important since it adds a level of intimacy and comfort to the presentation. We mean prepare presentations that address the target audience. Be sure you know who your audience is—what are their backgrounds and knowledge level of the material you are presenting and what they are hoping to get out of the presentation? Off-topic presentations are usually boring and will not endear you to the audience. Deliver what the audience wants to hear.
Rule 2: Less is More
A common mistake of inexperienced presenters is to try to say too much. They feel the need to prove themselves by proving to the audience that they know a lot. As a result, the main message is often lost, and valuable question time is usually curtailed. Your knowledge of the subject is best expressed through a clear and concise presentation that is provocative and leads to a dialog during the question-and-answer session when the audience becomes active participants. At that point, your knowledge of the material will likely become clear. If you do not get any questions, then you have not been following the other rules. Most likely, your presentation was either incomprehensible or trite. A side effect of too much material is that you talk too quickly, another ingredient of a lost message.
Rule 3: Only Talk When You Have Something to Say
Do not be overzealous about what you think you will have available to present when the time comes. Research never goes as fast as you would like. Remember the audience's time is precious and should not be abused by presentation of uninteresting preliminary material.
Rule 4: Make the Take-Home Message Persistent
A good rule of thumb would seem to be that if you ask a member of the audience a week later about your presentation, they should be able to remember three points. If these are the key points you were trying to get across, you have done a good job. If they can remember any three points, but not the key points, then your emphasis was wrong. It is obvious what it means if they cannot recall three points!
Rule 5: Be Logical
Think of the presentation as a story. There is a logical flow—a clear beginning, middle, and an end. You set the stage (beginning), you tell the story (middle), and you have a big finish (the end) where the take-home message is clearly understood.
Rule 6: Treat the Floor as a Stage
Presentations should be entertaining, but do not overdo it and do know your limits. If you are not humorous by nature, do not try and be humorous. If you are not good at telling anecdotes, do not try and tell anecdotes, and so on. A good entertainer will captivate the audience and increase the likelihood of obeying Rule 4.
Rule 7: Practice and Time Your Presentation
This is particularly important for inexperienced presenters. Even more important, when you give the presentation, stick to what you practice. It is common to deviate, and even worse to start presenting material that you know less about than the audience does. The more you practice, the less likely you will be to go off on tangents. Visual cues help here. The more presentations you give, the better you are going to get. In a scientific environment, take every opportunity to do journal club and become a teaching assistant if it allows you to present. An important talk should not be given for the first time to an audience of peers. You should have delivered it to your research collaborators who will be kinder and gentler but still point out obvious discrepancies. Laboratory group meetings are a fine forum for this.
Rule 8: Use Visuals Sparingly but Effectively
Presenters have different styles of presenting. Some can captivate the audience with no visuals (rare); others require visual cues and in addition, depending on the material, may not be able to present a particular topic well without the appropriate visuals such as graphs and charts. Preparing good visual materials will be the subject of a further Ten Simple Rules. Rule 7 will help you to define the right number of visuals for a particular presentation. A useful rule of thumb for us is if you have more than one visual for each minute you are talking, you have too many and you will run over time. Obviously some visuals are quick, others take time to get the message across; again Rule 7 will help. Avoid reading the visual unless you wish to emphasize the point explicitly, the audience can read, too! The visual should support what you are saying either for emphasis or with data to prove the verbal point. Finally, do not overload the visual. Make the points few and clear.
Rule 9: Review Audio and/or Video of Your Presentations
There is nothing more effective than listening to, or listening to and viewing, a presentation you have made. Violations of the other rules will become obvious. Seeing what is wrong is easy, correcting it the next time around is not. You will likely need to break bad habits that lead to the violation of the other rules. Work hard on breaking bad habits; it is important.
Rule 10: Provide Appropriate Acknowledgments
People love to be acknowledged for their contributions. Having many gratuitous acknowledgements degrades the people who actually contributed. If you defy Rule 7, then you will not be able to acknowledge people and organizations appropriately, as you will run out of time. It is often appropriate to acknowledge people at the beginning or at the point of their contribution so that their contributions are very clear.
As a final word of caution, we have found that even in following the Ten Simple Rules (or perhaps thinking we are following them), the outcome of a presentation is not always guaranteed. Audience–presenter dynamics are hard to predict even though the metric of depth and intensity of questions and off-line followup provide excellent indicators. Sometimes you are sure a presentation will go well, and afterward you feel it did not go well. Other times you dread what the audience will think, and you come away pleased as punch. Such is life. As always, we welcome your comments on these Ten Simple Rules by Reader Response.
Acknowledgments
The idea for this particular Ten Simple Rules was inspired by a conversation with Fiona Addison.

References

Bourne PE (2005) Ten simple rules for getting published. PLoS Comp Biol 1: e57.
Bourne PE, Chalupa LM (2006) Ten simple rules for getting grants. PLoS Comp Biol 2: e12.
Bourne PE, Korngreen A (2006) Ten simple rules for reviewers. PLoS Comp Biol 2: e110.
Bourne PE, Friedberg I (2006) Ten simple rules for selecting a postdoctoral fellowship. PLoS Comp Biol 2: e121.
Vicens Q, Bourne PE (2007) Ten simple rules for a successful collaboration. PLoS Comp Biol 3: e44.

David

资助。 作者没有接受这篇文章的具体资助。
竞争兴趣。 作者宣称竞争的兴趣不存在。
引证 ： Bourne PE (做好口头介绍的2007)十个简单规则。 PLoS Comput Biol 3 (4) ： e77 doi ：10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030077
出版 ： 2007年4月27日
版权： © 2007年菲利普E. Bourne。 这是在创造性的共同性归属执照条件下被分布的打开通入文章，允许在所有媒介的无限制的用途、发行和再生产，假设原始的作者和来源相信。
Dr.菲利普E. Bourne是美国加利福尼加州大学药理的部门的一位教授。 电子邮件： bourne@sdsc.edu 继续我们的“十个简单的规则”系列[1–5]，我们考虑这里什么它采取做一个好的口头介绍。 当规则横跨学科时广泛地申请，他们从这读者的角度一定是重要的。 您的想法和科学结果清楚和逻辑交付是成功的科学事业的一个重要组分。 介绍鼓励您的工作的更加宽广的传播并且突出可能不受到注意以书面形式的工作。
规则1 ： 对观众的谈话
我们不意味面对观众，虽然获取与许多人民的目光接触尽可能，当您礼物是重要的时，因为它增加亲热和舒适的水平到介绍。 我们意味准备对目标观众演讲的介绍。 请务必您知道谁您的观众是您出席的他们的材料的背景和知识水平，并且什么他们希望离开介绍？ 题目介绍通常使和不会心爱您不耐烦对观众。 交付什么观众想要听见。
规则2 ： 较少是更多 无经验的赠送者常见错误是设法说太多。 他们感到需要通过证明对观众证明自己他们知道很多。 结果，主要消息经常丢失，并且可贵的提问时间通常被削减。 您的主题的知识最好通过是诱惑的并且导致对话在问与答会议期间的一个清楚和简明的介绍被表达，当观众成为活跃参加者时。 那时，您的材料的知识可能将变得清楚。 如果您没得到任何问题，则您未遵循其他规则。 很可能，您的介绍不能理解或陈腐。 许多材料的一个副作用是您太迅速谈话，一则失去的消息的另一种成份。
规则3 ： 当您需要说的某事只谈话
不是过分热忱的关于什么您认为您将有可利用提出，当时刻来。 研究一样快速地从未去，象您会想要。 记住观众的时间是珍贵的，并且不应该由无兴趣的初步材料的介绍滥用。
规则4 ： 使实得工资的消息坚持
A好概测法将似乎是，如果您以后询问观众的成员每星期您的介绍，他们应该能记住三点。 如果这些是您设法得到的关键，您做了一个好工作。 如果他们可以记住任何三点，但是不是关键，则您的重点是错误的。 它是显然的什么意味他们是否不可能召回三点!
规则5 ： 把介绍作为故事。 有逻辑清楚的起点、中部和末端。 您设置了阶段(起点)，您讲故事(中间)，并且您有大结束(末端)实得工资的消息明显地被了解的地方。
规则6 ： 对待地板作为舞台
介绍应该有趣的，但是不做它做得过分和知道您的极限。 如果您天生不是幽默的，不要尝试并且是幽默的。 如果您不善于告诉轶事，不要尝试并且不要告诉轶事，等等。 一位好艺人将着迷观众并且增加服从规则可能4。
规则7 ： 实践和计时您的介绍
这对于无经验的介绍者是特别重要。 更加重要，当您给介绍，对什么的棍子您实践。 它是共同的偏离，和更坏开始提出您比观众知道较少的材料。 越多您实践，很少可能您将是去在正切。 视觉暗示帮助得这里。 越多介绍您给，越好您得到。 在一个科学环境里，如果它允许您提出，利用每机会做学报俱乐部和成为助教。 不应该第一次作重要报告同辈观众。 您应该交付了它到将是更加亲切和更加柔和的您的研究合作者，但是仍然指出明显的差误。 实验室小组会议是为此的一个美好的论坛。
规则8 ： 稀少，但是有效地使用视觉
介绍者有不同的样式提出。 一些可能着迷观众没有视觉(罕见); 另外其他根据材料要求视觉暗示和，可能不能很好提出一个特殊题目，不用适当的视觉例如图表和图。 准备好视觉材料将是另外十个简单规则的主题。 规则7将帮助您定义视觉的正确的数量一个特殊介绍的。 我们的一种有用的概测法是，如果您比一个有更多视觉在您谈话的每分钟，您有太多，并且您将随着时间的推移跑。 明显地有些视觉是快的，其他需要时间收到消息; 再规则7将帮助。 避免读视觉，除非您希望明白地强调点，观众能读，也是! 视觉应该支持什么您说为重点或与数据证明口头点。 终于，不要超载视觉。 做点少数和清楚。
规则9 ： 音频您的介绍的回顾并且/或者录影
没什么比听对或者听对和看到您做的介绍更有效。侵害其他条例将变得明显。 看见什么是错误的是容易，改正它下次在附近不是。 您可能将需要打破导致侵害其他条例的坏习惯。 艰苦工作在打破坏习惯; 这是重要的。
规则10 ： 提供适当的承认 为他们的贡献将承认人们的爱。 有许多无偿承认贬低实际上贡献的人民。 如果您违抗规则7，则您不会能适当地承认人和组织，因为您将用尽时间。 承认人首先或在他们的贡献经常是适当的，以便他们的贡献是非常清楚的。
As小心的一个最后的词，我们发现甚而在跟随十个简单规则(或许或认为我们跟随他们)，介绍的结果总是没有被保证。动力学是难预言，即使公尺深度和强度问题和离线后续提供优秀显示。 有时您肯定介绍将进展顺利，并且您之后感到它没有进展顺利。 其他次您畏惧什么观众将认为，并且您来喜欢作为拳打。 这样是生活。 一如既往，我们欢迎您关于这十个简单规则进行评论。
鸣谢 这十个特殊简单规则的想法由与菲奥纳．艾迪森的一次交谈启发。

缭绕

不仅仅适合于科研啊！:D