凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(英汉对照)

鬼才

今年元旦，朱德权老师为SIFIC献上了一份厚礼：https://bbs.sific.com.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=141707&extra=page%3D1  凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(进展综述)，这是一份关于凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌前沿研究进展非常好的资料。
凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌现已成为一种重要的医院致病菌。了解这方面的知识对提高我们感控人的知识素质很有帮助。考虑到原文是英语。许多会员学起来可能有困难。为此，我准备花一些时间把这份资料陆续译为中文，发到论坛，与大家交流学习。由于微生物学不是我的专业，翻译这样专业的文章，对我来讲，也是一次学习机会，如有错译，敬请大家指正，让我们共同提高。
谢谢朱德权老师和原作者给我们带来的精彩!

Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌

SUMMARY

The definition of the heterogeneous group of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) is still based on diagnostic procedures that fulfill the clinical need to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and those staphylococci classified historically as being less or nonpathogenic. Due to patient- and procedure-related changes, CoNS now represent one of the major nosocomial pathogens, with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus being the most significant species. They account substantially for foreign body-related infections and infections in preterm newborns. While S. Saprophyticus has been associated with acute urethritis, S. lugdunensis has a unique status, in some aspects resembling S. aureus in causing infectious endocarditis. In addition to CoNS found as food-associated saprophytes, many other CoNS species colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals and are less frequently involved in clinically manifested infections. This blurred gradation in terms of pathogenicity is reflected by species- and strain-specific virulence factors and the development of different host-defending strategies. Clearly, CoNS possess fewer virulence properties than S. aureus, with a respectively different disease spectrum. In this regard, host susceptibility is much more important. Therapeutically, CoNS are challenging due to the large proportion of methicillin-resistant strains and increasing numbers of isolates with less susceptibility to glycopeptides.

小结

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌不同组的定义是基于满足临床需要的诊断规程来区分金黄色葡萄球菌和那些在历史上归类为很少致病或不致病的葡萄球菌。由于相关病人和规程的改变，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌现已成为一类主要的医院致病菌。表皮葡萄球菌和溶血性葡萄球菌是其典型代表。他们实质上是与异物感染相关，且这类感染常发生在早产新生儿中。然而腐生葡萄球菌一直与急性尿道感染相关，里昂葡萄球菌有一独特种类，引起心内膜炎感染时在某些方面很像金黄色区葡萄球菌。另一方面，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌也在与食物相关的腐生菌中发现，在人体或动物皮肤粘膜上定植　有许多其他的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌，很少发生明显的感染症状。这种致病性的模糊分级体现在种属和特殊菌株的致病因子和不同宿主防护策略的发展上。明显地，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌比金黄色葡萄球菌拥有的毒力较少，分别有不同的疾病谱。在这一点上，宿主的易感性显得更加重要。在治疗上，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的大部分耐甲氧西林菌株和糖肽类不敏感分离株数量的增加是一个挑战。

鬼才

INTRODUCTION

引言

It was 20 years ago that Kloos and Bannerman (1) updated our knowledge on the clinical significance of coagulase-negative  staphylococci (CoNS), following a review, 6 years previously, of their laboratory, clinical, and epidemiological aspects by Pfaller and Herwaldt (2), both in this journal. Although the pathogenic potential of CoNS had become accepted by the end of the 1980s, most of the underlying molecular mechanisms still awaited discovery. Presently, a PubMed search on CoNS results in more than 15,000 references, reflecting the increasing medical impact of these bacteria.

在这本杂志中，20年前，Kloos和Bannerman (1)更新了凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌在临床意义上的知识，随后，六年前Pfaller 和Herwaldt（2）的一篇综述，在实验室、临床和流行病学方面对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的知识进行了更新。尽管凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的潜在致病性已在80年代得到认可，然而其大多数相关的分子机理仍然等待发现。目前，在PubMed中搜索“CoNS”，超过15000篇文献，这反映了这些细菌在医学上重要性与日俱争。

Over the past 2 decades, the research toolbox has greatly expanded, providing a large array of modern molecular and phenotypic methods, including the routine use of whole-genome sequencing and mass spectrometric approaches. Nevertheless, the problem of an increasing health burden due to CoNS infections is far from resolved. Demographic and medical developments creating more elderly, multimorbid, and immunocompromised patients and the increasing use of inserted or implanted foreign bodies have contributed to the progressively increasing importance of CoNS in health care. Furthermore, as for other nosocomial pathogens, increasing rates of antibiotic resistance are an even greater problem for CoNS than for Staphylococcus aureus, limiting our therapeutic options.

在过去20年中，研究工具有了大的扩充，一大批现代基因和表型方式可供使用，包括全基因测试组和质谱分析方法的日常使用。然而，由凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染引起的医疗负担增加远远没有得到解决。随着人口和医学的发展，使得有更多的年老人、身患多种疾病的人和免疫功能不全的病人，外来物插入和植入的使用也增多，使得在医疗过程中越来越重视凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。此外，限于我们的治疗方式，同其他的医院病原体一样，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌相比，抗生素耐药比率的增高是一个很大的问题。

Describing CoNS is challenging because they represent a heterogeneous group within the genus Staphylococcus that is not based on phylogenetic relationships. They were defined by delimitation from coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS), i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, the only known coagulase-positive species at the time of the introduction of this concept. Superficially, this concept seemed to be solely a diagnostic procedure-based classification, but it became a clinical approach to differentiate between the pathogenic species S. aureus and a group of staphylococci initially classified as nonpathogenic. A deeper understanding of the nature of CoNS has now fundamentally changed our views.

由于凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是葡萄球菌属中的一个异质组，描述凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌具有挑战性，不能基于系统发育关系。他们的定义受凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌的界定，即金黄色葡萄球菌，引进这一概念时，唯一已知的凝固酶阳性菌属。表面上看，这概念好象是仅基于诊断规程的分类，但它已成为区分致病的种属金黄色葡萄球菌与最初分类中无致病性的一组葡萄球菌的临床方法。对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌所具特性的更深了解，现在已从根本上改变了我们的观点。

In this review, human medical issues and the epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of CoNS and their infections in relation to the pathogens’ biology are reviewed. For aspects of CoNS related to veterinary medicine and food production, please refer to specialized reviews (3, 4).

在这篇综述中，将对人类健康问题与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的流行病学、致病性、临床、诊断、治疗方面及与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌相关联的病原体生态学等方面的问题进行综述。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌与兽医学、食品生产方面的问题，请参阅专门的综述(3, 4)。

(未完待续)

guodanni

楼主辛苦了，谢谢楼主。其实英文的大家也要习惯去看。不过肯定中文的吸收的快了。谢谢分享

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谢谢老师的资料，学习了。

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高大上啊，谢谢版主的分享，耳目一新。

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非常感谢楼主带给我们的新知识与新观念！

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路过学习了，谢谢老师的分享，辛苦了！

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学习了，非常感谢楼主带给我们的新知识与新观念！

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高大上的分享，要好好学习一下新理念！

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非常感谢楼主带给我们的新知识与新观念！

欣春

一直在关注凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌，除金葡菌外，微生物室检出不下10种各类葡萄球菌，正在学习呢

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鬼才老师辛苦了，谢谢您的无私奉献，学习了。

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看到英文 一脸懵逼  看到中文豁然开朗

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