美国CDC关于手足口病的12问答（已翻译）
Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease1。What is hand, foot, and mouth disease?
什么是手足口病？
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common illness of infants and children. It is characterized by fever, sores in the mouth, and a rash with blisters. HFMD begins with a mild fever, poor appetite, malaise ("feeling sick"), and frequently a sore throat. One or 2 days after the fever begins, painful sores develop in the mouth. They begin as small red spots that blister and then often become ulcers. They are usually located on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks. The skin rash develops over 1 to 2 days with flat or raised red spots, some with blisters. The rash does not itch, and it is usually located on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It may also appear on the buttocks. A person with HFMD may have only the rash or the mouth ulcers.
手足口病是一种婴幼儿常见的疾病。典型症状包括发热、口疮和疱疹。手足口病发病初期表现为轻微的发烧，食欲差、疲倦和频繁喉咙痛。发烧一至两天后发展为口腔疼痛有疮。开始出现小红疱疹斑点，经常伴有溃疡。疱疹通常局限于舌头、牙龈和面颊内侧。一至两天后，皮肤红疹会发展为扁平或凸起的红斑点，一些伴有水泡。这些疹子并不发痒，通常局限于手掌心和脚掌底。也有可能出现在臀部。手足口病的患儿也可以只有疱疹或口腔溃疡。
2。Is HFMD the same as foot-and-mouth disease?
手足口病和口蹄疫一样吗？
No. HFMD is often confused with foot-and-mouth disease of cattle, sheep, and swine. Although the names are similar, the two diseases are not related at all and are caused by different viruses. For information on foot-and-mouth disease, please visit the web site of the US Department of Agriculture.
不一样。手足口病经常容易与牛羊猪的口蹄疫混淆。尽管名字相似，但两种疾病毫无关系，是由两种完全不同的病毒引起。
3。What causes HFMD?
引起手足口病的病因是什么？
Viruses from the group called enteroviruses cause HFMD. The most common cause is coxsackievirus A16; sometimes, HFMD is caused by enterovirus 71 or other enteroviruses. The enterovirus group includes polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and other enteroviruses.
一种叫肠病毒的病原体引起手足口病的感染。最常见的是克萨奇病毒A16,有时候手足口病也有肠病毒EV71或其他肠病毒引起。这些肠病毒包括脊髓灰质炎病毒，克萨奇病毒，埃克病毒和其他肠病毒。
4。Is HFMD serious?
手足口病严重吗？
Usually not. HFMD caused by coxsackievirus A16 infection is a mild disease and nearly all patients recover without medical treatment in 7 to 10 days. Complications are uncommon. Rarely, the patient with coxsackievirus A16 infection may also develop "aseptic" or viral meningitis, in which the person has fever, headache, stiff neck, or back pain, and may need to be hospitalized for a few days. Another cause of HFMD, EV71 may also cause viral meningitis and, rarely, more serious diseases, such as encephalitis, or a poliomyelitis-like paralysis. EV71 encephalitis may be fatal. Cases of fatal encephalitis occurred during outbreaks of HFMD in Malaysia in 1997 and in Taiwan in 1998.
通常来说，由克萨奇病毒A16感染的手足口病症状比较轻微，而且几乎所有的病人无需医学治疗7至10天就可以完全康复。并发症不常见。罕见情况下，感染克萨奇病毒A16可以发展为“无菌性”或病毒性脑膜炎，症状表现为发烧、头痛，颈部僵硬或背痛，需要住院治疗数天。另外一种引起手足口病的病原体，肠病毒EV71也可以引起病毒性脑膜炎，罕见情况下，更严重的症状包括脑炎和小儿麻痹症样瘫痪。EV71引起的脑炎可以致命。1997年马来西亚和1998年台湾都有手足口病的爆发感染导致并发脑炎死亡的病例。
5。Is HFMD contagious?
手足口病具有传染性吗？
Yes, HFMD is moderately contagious. Infection is spread from person to person by direct contact with nose and throat discharges, saliva, fluid from blisters, or the stool of infected persons. A person is most contagious during the first week of the illness. HFMD is not transmitted to or from pets or other animals.
是的，手足口病具有中等程度的传染性。人与人直接接触导致感染蔓延，呼吸道分泌物，唾液，疱疹的脓液或患者的粪便都是潜在的传染源。发病初期的头一个星期传染性最强。手足口病并不通过宠物或其他动物传播。
6。How soon will someone become ill after getting infected?
感染后多久发病？
The usual period from infection to onset of symptoms ("incubation period") is 3 to 7 days. Fever is often the first symptom of HFMD.
通常的潜伏期是3到7天。发热经常是手足口病的首发症状。
7。Who is at risk for HFMD?
手足口病的高危人群是哪些？
HFMD occurs mainly in children under 10 years old, but may also occur in adults too. Everyone is at risk of infection, but not everyone who is infected becomes ill. Infants, children, and adolescents are more likely to be susceptible to infection and illness from these viruses, because they are less likely than adults to have antibodies and be immune from previous exposures to them. Infection results in immunity to the specific virus, but a second episode may occur following infection with a different member of the enterovirus group.
手足口病主要发生在10岁以下的儿童，但成人也有发病危险。任何人都有感染风险，但不是每个人感染后都表现出症状。婴儿、幼童和青少年是易感人群，因为他们不像成年人那样有相应的抗体保护。但是，如果目前流行的病毒亚型发生改变，先前的抗体是无效的，仍然有可能发生二次感染。
8。What are the risks to pregnant women exposed to children with HFMD?
孕妇若暴露在患手足口病的儿童周围，感染的风险有多大？
Because enteroviruses, including those causing HFMD, are very common, pregnant women are frequently exposed to them, especially during summer and fall months. As for any other adults, the risk of infection is higher for pregnant women who do not have antibodies from earlier exposures to these viruses, and who are exposed to young children - the primary spreaders of enteroviruses.
因为所有的肠病毒，包括那些引起手足口病的，都十分常见。孕妇会频繁暴露在感染人群中，特别是夏秋季节。与其他成年人相比，暴露在感染儿童周围由没有相应抗体保护的孕妇，其感染风险要高很多。
Most enterovirus infections during pregnancy cause mild or no illness in the mother. Although the available information is limited, currently there is no clear evidence that maternal enteroviral infection causes adverse outcomes of pregnancy such as abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects. However, mothers infected shortly before delivery may pass the virus to the newborn. Babies born to mothers who have symptoms of enteroviral illness around the time of delivery are more likely to be infected. Most newborns infected with an enterovirus have mild illness, but, in rare cases, they may develop an overwhelming infection of many organs, including liver and heart, and die from the infection. The risk of this severe illness in newborns is higher during the first two weeks of life.
怀孕期间肠病毒感染通常母亲只有轻微的症状，有时甚至毫无症状。尽管目前尚无足够的资料，但现在也没有明确的证据表明妊娠期间感染肠病毒会导致流产、死胎或婴儿先天畸形。但是，如果母亲在临产前短期内被病毒感染，病毒则会通过产道感染婴儿。若母亲有感染症状则婴儿感染机会更大。新生儿感染肠病毒通常症状轻微或无症状，但也有可能（虽然很罕见）会发展为多器官广泛感染，包括肝脏和心脏，甚至导致死亡。在婴儿出生头两个星期发展为重症感染的机会更高。
Strict adherence to generally recommended good hygienic practices by the pregnant woman (see "Can HFMD be prevented?" below) may help to decrease the risk of infection during pregnancy and around the time of delivery.
孕妇如严格执行个人卫生指南可以减少感染的风险。
9。When and where does HFMD occur?
何时何地会发生手足口病？
Individual cases and outbreaks of HFMD occur worldwide, more frequently in summer and early autumn. In the recent past, major outbreaks of HFMD attributable to enterovirus 71 have been reported in some South East Asian countries (Malaysia, 1997; Taiwan, 1998).
手足口病的散发病例和爆发事件在世界各地都有发生。高发季节在夏季和初秋。最近几年，肠病毒EV71引起的手足口病暴发感染在东南亚地区都有报道（1997年马来西亚，1998年台湾）
10。How is HFMD diagnosed?
手足口病如何诊断？
HFMD is one of many infections that result in mouth sores. Another common cause is oral herpesvirus infection, which produces an inflammation of the mouth and gums (sometimes called stomatitis). Usually, the physician can distinguish between HFMD and other causes of mouth sores based on the age of the patient, the pattern of symptoms reported by the patient or parent, and the appearance of the rash and sores on examination. A throat swab or stool specimen may be sent to a laboratory to determine which enterovirus caused the illness. Since the testing often takes 2 to 4 weeks to obtain a final answer, the physician usually does not order these tests.
手足口病是导致口腔溃疡的疾病之一。另外一种常见的原因是口腔疱疹病毒感染，可以产生口腔和牙龈发炎。通常医生根据患者的年龄，症状特征和疱疹的类型区分手足口病和其他口腔炎症。实验室可以通过鉴别咽式子和粪便标本来确定肠病毒的种类。由于从开始监测到最终报告经常需要2至4个星期，所以医生一般不要求此类检测，而是根据临床经验区分。
11。How is HFMD treated?
手足口病如何治疗？
No specific treatment is available for this or other enterovirus infections. Symptomatic treatment is given to provide relief from fever, aches, or pain from the mouth ulcers.
目前尚无可用的针对肠病毒的治疗药物。治疗主要用于缓解一些临床症状，如发烧、头疼、口腔溃疡。
12。Can HFMD be prevented?
手足口病能够被预防吗？
Specific prevention for HFMD or other non-polio enterovirus infections is not available, but the risk of infection can be lowered by good hygienic practices. Preventive measures include frequent handwashing, especially after diaper changes (see "Handwashing" in: An Ounce of Prevention: Keeps the Germs Away), cleaning of contaminated surfaces and soiled items first with soap and water, and then disinfecting them by diluted solution of chlorine-containing bleach (made by mixing approximately ¼ cup of bleach with 1 gallon of water. (See more about cleaning and disinfecting in general in CDC's Prevention Resources). Avoidance of close contact (kissing, hugging, sharing utensils, etc.) with children with HFMD may also help to reduce of the risk of infection to caregivers.
目前尚无针对性的预防手足口病或其他非脊髓灰质炎肠病毒感染的手段，但是，如采用正确的个人卫生措施可以降低感染的风险。预防措施包括经常洗手，尤其在换洗完尿布后。清洁污染物体表面先用皂液清洗，然后用稀释的含氯漂白液（大约1/4杯漂白粉加1加仑水）消毒。避免近距离接触患者，如亲吻，拥抱，共用餐具等。
[ 本帖最后由 David 于 2008-5-4 17:39 编辑 ] 很好的内容。如果能将其翻译成中文就更好了。 翻译完毕！ D版的动作还挺快的，这么短的时间就翻译好了。非常感谢，辛苦了。
:handshake :handshake :handshake
回复 #1 David 的帖子
David 版辛苦了，谢谢！回复 #3 David 的帖子
我是一名新会员，能在非常时期得到您翻译的国外信息真是感谢！ D版提供的内容通俗易懂，很适合做为宣传资料发放。 感谢D版在这么短的时间内为我们翻译国外的资料，辛苦啦！为方便学习，将D版的翻译资料整理如下：美国CDC关于手足口病的12问答（已翻译）
1．什么是手足口病？
手足口病是一种婴幼儿常见的疾病。典型症状包括发热、口疮和疱疹。手足口病发病初期表现为轻微的发烧，食欲差、疲倦和频繁喉咙痛。发烧一至两天后发展为口腔疼痛有疮。开始出现小红疱疹斑点，经常伴有溃疡。疱疹通常局限于舌头、牙龈和面颊内侧。一至两天后，皮肤红疹会发展为扁平或凸起的红斑点，一些伴有水泡。这些疹子并不发痒，通常局限于手掌心和脚掌底。也有可能出现在臀部。手足口病的患儿也可以只有疱疹或口腔溃疡。
2．手足口病和口蹄疫一样吗？
不一样。手足口病经常容易与牛羊猪的口蹄疫混淆。尽管名字相似，但两种疾病毫无关系，是由两种完全不同的病毒引起。
3．引起手足口病的病因是什么？
一种叫肠病毒的病原体引起手足口病的感染。最常见的是克萨奇病毒A16,有时候手足口病也有肠病毒EV71或其他肠病毒引起。这些肠病毒包括脊髓灰质炎病毒，克萨奇病毒，埃克病毒和其他肠病毒。
4．手足口病严重吗？
通常来说，由克萨奇病毒A16感染的手足口病症状比较轻微，而且几乎所有的病人无需医学治疗7至10天就可以完全康复。并发症不常见。罕见情况下，感染克萨奇病毒A16可以发展为“无菌性”或病毒性脑膜炎，症状表现为发烧、头痛，颈部僵硬或背痛，需要住院治疗数天。另外一种引起手足口病的病原体，肠病毒EV71也可以引起病毒性脑膜炎，罕见情况下，更严重的症状包括脑炎和小儿麻痹症样瘫痪。EV71引起的脑炎可以致命。1997年马来西亚和1998年台湾都有手足口病的爆发感染导致并发脑炎死亡的病例。
5．手足口病具有传染性吗？
是的，手足口病具有中等程度的传染性。人与人直接接触导致感染蔓延，呼吸道分泌物，唾液，疱疹的脓液或患者的粪便都是潜在的传染源。发病初期的头一个星期传染性最强。手足口病并不通过宠物或其他动物传播。
6．感染后多久发病？
通常的潜伏期是3到7天。发热经常是手足口病的首发症状。
7．手足口病的高危人群是哪些？
手足口病主要发生在10岁以下的儿童，但成人也有发病危险。任何人都有感染风险，但不是每个人感染后都表现出症状。婴儿、幼童和青少年是易感人群，因为他们不像成年人那样有相应的抗体保护。但是，如果目前流行的病毒亚型发生改变，先前的抗体是无效的，仍然有可能发生二次感染。
8．孕妇若暴露在患手足口病的儿童周围，感染的风险有多大？
因为所有的肠病毒，包括那些引起手足口病的，都十分常见。孕妇会频繁暴露在感染人群中，特别是夏秋季节。与其他成年人相比，暴露在感染儿童周围由没有相应抗体保护的孕妇，其感染风险要高很多。
怀孕期间肠病毒感染通常母亲只有轻微的症状，有时甚至毫无症状。尽管目前尚无足够的资料，但现在也没有明确的证据表明妊娠期间感染肠病毒会导致流产、死胎或婴儿先天畸形。但是，如果母亲在临产前短期内被病毒感染，病毒则会通过产道感染婴儿。若母亲有感染症状则婴儿感染机会更大。新生儿感染肠病毒通常症状轻微或无症状，但也有可能（虽然很罕见）会发展为多器官广泛感染，包括肝脏和心脏，甚至导致死亡。在婴儿出生头两个星期发展为重症感染的机会更高。
孕妇如严格执行个人卫生指南可以减少感染的风险。
9．何时何地会发生手足口病？
手足口病的散发病例和爆发事件在世界各地都有发生。高发季节在夏季和初秋。最近几年，肠病毒EV71引起的手足口病暴发感染在东南亚地区都有报道（1997年马来西亚，1998年台湾）
10．手足口病如何诊断？
手足口病是导致口腔溃疡的疾病之一。另外一种常见的原因是口腔疱疹病毒感染，可以产生口腔和牙龈发炎。通常医生根据患者的年龄，症状特征和疱疹的类型区分手足口病和其他口腔炎症。实验室可以通过鉴别咽式子和粪便标本来确定肠病毒的种类。由于从开始监测到最终报告经常需要2至4个星期，所以医生一般不要求此类检测，而是根据临床经验区分。
11．手足口病如何治疗？
目前尚无可用的针对肠病毒的治疗药物。治疗主要用于缓解一些临床症状，如发烧、头疼、口腔溃疡。
12．手足口病能够被预防吗？
目前尚无针对性的预防手足口病或其他非脊髓灰质炎肠病毒感染的手段，但是，如采用正确的个人卫生措施可以降低感染的风险。预防措施包括经常洗手，尤其在换洗完尿布后。清洁污染物体表面先用皂液清洗，然后用稀释的含氯漂白液（大约1/4杯漂白粉加1加仑水）消毒。避免近距离接触患者，如亲吻，拥抱，共用餐具等。
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