icchina 发表于 2007-5-12 08:57

[转帖]医院的现代化建设,预防军团菌不可掉以轻心

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><strong><font size="4">军团菌感染的暴发记录</font></strong><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">  </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1976</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">10</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">月在美国费城召开了一次退伍军人会议,参会者有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">221</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人感染了一种当时被媒体称作神秘的病菌,症状为高烧、发冷、头痛、恶心,半数人神志不清及神经错乱。三分之二的感染者住院治疗,大部分治愈,有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">34</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人死亡。对此可怕的疾病,美国疾病防治中心(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">CDC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)组织了一批专家,经半年的时间研究,耗资</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">200</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多万美元,发现了致病的杆状嗜肺菌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1977</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年元月公开了这一重要的研究,并定名这种致病菌为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">军团菌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Legionella</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">),由此引起的疾病叫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">军团病</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Legionnaires disease</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">CDC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">50</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年前的一些疑为肺炎病人的肺组织标本中培养出了军团菌,因此认为军团菌并非新发生,只是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1976</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年集中发生而已。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 军团病的集中发生成为恶性爆发,对此各国均重视。美国发现的军团病最多,平均每年有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">25000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">例。英国也很重视,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1998</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年流行一次军团病,有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">226</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">个病例,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">25</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人死亡。世界范围内每年有数万病例,许多国家已把军团病列入国家法定传染病,一旦发现必须申报,并采取规定措施,以防流行。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 我国自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1978</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年开始在成都首次从血清中培养出军团菌,以后多地均有发现。大城市中广州、上海、北京等也设有实验室跟踪。最近北京市疾病预防控制中心对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">14</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">家饭店、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">38</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">个冷却塔检查,发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">12</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">家饭店、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">21</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">个冷却塔军团菌超标,并称在饭店和写字楼的人群,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
                </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">军团菌的感染率为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">9.9%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,而一般人群不超过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">3.5%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">  我国台湾与香港对于军团菌的关注,走在全国之前列。台湾工业技术研究院化学工业研究所已建立了军团菌检测服务中心,提供医院、饭店、百货公司、连锁餐饮店等公共场所的冷却塔维护及供水预防病菌服务。香港以公务局为首成立了预防军团病的委员会,称做好此项工作是维持香港国际大都市面貌重要的步骤。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">  </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1987</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年在北京首次发现军团病以来,共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">次爆发。今年已经发生多起军团病例,最多时一天有四五例感染疑样送检。据报导得了军团病在免疫力正常的人中,死亡率高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">30</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">%,经过正常治疗可降低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">%,对于免疫缺陷的人该数字可高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">70%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br/></span><font color="#0000ff"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">  <font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #00ffff;">医院是军团病高发区,对此国际上已有定论,因为医院内免疫力低下的人群多,感染的机会多,所以医院要对军团病的发生予以特别关注。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></font></p>

icchina 发表于 2007-5-12 09:03

<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><strong><font size="4">军团菌的生存与传播</font></strong></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 军团菌普遍存在于有水的环境中,军团菌本身存活能力不强,冷冻与加热均能杀死该菌。它的存活、繁殖温度条件为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="58" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">58</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">℃</span><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(最佳</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="46" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">46</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">℃</span><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">),水处理工作应尽量消除军团菌生长的有力利因素,这些因素有:</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">  管道中滞留与停留的支管、盲管及系统中的垢瘤与锈渣;</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  处于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="46" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">46</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">℃</span><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的热水管线、贮水罐、热水器等;</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">  垢瘤与生物膜(粘泥)是军团菌赖以生存的栖身之处;</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  水生菌类是军团菌的食物</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">  被污染水中的变形虫及原生动物是军团菌的住所、共生体、防止药物进攻的防护所;</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">  流动的水中悬浮物质是军团菌的交通工具。</font></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  军团菌在具有上述条件的水中得到生长与繁殖后,在达到感染密度时一旦转移、传播到人体,感染者根据本身免疫能力的高低就能患有军团病。它是通过两个途径传播给人体,<font color="#3300ff">一是空调冷却塔的雾滴进入大气而转入人们呼吸道,另一种是供水系统携带病菌传输给人们</font>。</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font color="#ff0000">进入</font></span><font color="#ff0000"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 21</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">世纪以来,第二种传播的严重性已超越前者,甚至有人认为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#ff0000">世纪对军团病防治上出现过误区:把空调冷却塔作为重要甚至唯一的军团菌传染源,对于水处理工作者应该把军团病的发作看作不仅仅是空调系统问题,而且是一个供水问题。</font>还要使操作这些设施的人知道如果操作不当不仅使本人,也使他人遭受军团病的祸害。述及的系统有:</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  冷却塔及蒸发冷凝器</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  室内热水管线系统(热交换器、淋浴头、水龙头)</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  药物及按摩浴;</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  增湿器</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  景观喷泉</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  超市增润设施</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  医用面罩</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  牙医磨牙机</font></span></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 军团菌普遍存在于有水的环境中,军团菌本身存活能力不强,冷冻与加热均能杀死该菌。它的存活、繁殖温度条件为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="58" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">58</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">℃</span><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(最佳</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="46" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">46</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">℃</span><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">),水处理工作应尽量消除军团菌生长的有力利因素,这些因素有:</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">  管道中滞留与停留的支管、盲管及系统中的垢瘤与锈渣;</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  处于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="℃" sourcevalue="46" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"></chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">46</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">℃</span><chmetcnv></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的热水管线、贮水罐、热水器等;</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">  垢瘤与生物膜(粘泥)是军团菌赖以生存的栖身之处;</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  水生菌类是军团菌的食物</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">  被污染水中的变形虫及原生动物是军团菌的住所、共生体、防止药物进攻的防护所;</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="3">  流动的水中悬浮物质是军团菌的交通工具。</font></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">  军团菌在具有上述条件的水中得到生长与繁殖后,在达到感染密度时一旦转移、传播到人体,感染者根据本身免疫能力的高低就能患有军团病。它是通过两个途径传播给人体,<font color="#3300ff">一是空调冷却塔的雾滴进入大气而转入人们呼吸道,另一种是供水系统携带病菌传输给人们</font>。</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font color="#ff0000">进入</font></span><font color="#ff0000"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> 21</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">世纪以来,第二种传播的严重性已超越前者,甚至有人认为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#ff0000">世纪对军团病防治上出现过误区:把空调冷却塔作为重要甚至唯一的军团菌传染源,对于水处理工作者应该把军团病的发作看作不仅仅是空调系统问题,而且是一个供水问题。</font>还要使操作这些设施的人知道如果操作不当不仅使本人,也使他人遭受军团病的祸害。述及的系统有:</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  冷却塔及蒸发冷凝器</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  室内热水管线系统(热交换器、淋浴头、水龙头)</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  药物及按摩浴;</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  增湿器</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  景观喷泉</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  超市增润设施</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  医用面罩</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font color="#0909f7" size="3">  牙医磨牙机</font></span></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-5-12 1:03:59编辑过]

icchina 发表于 2007-5-12 09:07

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">水处理是预防军团病的主要手段</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  军团病一年四季均能发生,夏秋季尤为猖獗。由于至今没有预防军团菌感染的疫苗,因此预防军团病的主要方法是如何防止菌的生长与繁殖。如前所述,不管是空调系统或供水系统,预防的主要任务则是落到了水处理工作者的身上。当前感染军团菌的地点分成两大类,一种称为社团军团病,一种称为医院军团病。早期发生的军团病(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1995</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年以前)以社团为主,防治的对象以冷却塔、空调系统为主;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">95</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年后则重于供水、热水系统的防治操作。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  预防军团菌的生长,关键在于消除与水接触表面的结垢、沉渣与粘泥,无论冷却塔、供水、热水系统均不例外。只是由于对象不同具体做法不同而已。因此,预防军团病的第一个手段,也是唯一的手段就是水处理技术的严格实施与一丝不苟的操作,由此自然要使整个水处理技术及设备复杂的多。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">冷却塔的操作</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  为了防治冷却塔传播军团菌,许多国际或以疾病防治中心名义,或以冷却水协会的名义发布了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">冷却塔防治军团菌守则(或指南)</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他们的共同点就是要消除军团菌赖以生长的垢瘤、沉渣与粘泥,要求每年(每季节)清洗填料,系统用化学杀菌。对于疑有军团病发生的情况,则要求加强清洗于杀菌工作。由于清洗冷却塔及循环系统十分累赘,费时费工。检测军团菌的方法还不够灵敏、精确,所以至今没有一个国家对冷却塔作出强制性操作规范。但地区性、州县、行业性的规范已经被推行多年。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  冷却塔与空调系统是否有利于预防军团菌与设备设计关系密切,一些不宜于机械清洗填料的冷却塔应予以改造或更换。适宜于冷却塔杀菌的季铵盐、唑啉酮类杀菌对于杀灭军团菌已被证实无效。因此对于杀菌剂的选择必须有新的考虑,结合冷却塔循环水系统,还应附加以下多点:</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  新装置开车,老装置清洗后,必须连同管线进行杀菌处理。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  严格冷却塔及其水系统的防腐、阻垢操作,定期进行军团菌指标检测。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  一旦指标超标,环境处于军团病危险区,系统应采取军团病防治措施。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  军团病防治措施十分繁琐,费用也很大。鉴于被政府勒令停业的饭店、游乐设施、轮船、医院年年发生,所以国外冷却塔及空调系统的业主,宁愿花钱做常规军团菌检测。美国麦当劳连锁店、希尔顿大饭店等公共场所实施了三个月一次检测。世界上已经有许多国家把检测军团菌作为常规卫生项目,国际标准化组织(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">ISO</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)更将其纳入水质标准检查一部分。</span></p>

icchina 发表于 2007-5-12 09:12

<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="5">供水系统的操作</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><br/></span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  </span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 热水系统是军团菌的理想滋长处,垢渣与粘膜助纣为虐更加剧菌的繁殖。人们时刻接触水,可谓对军团菌防不胜防。例如上面提到的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">守则</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">就忠告人们,<span style="COLOR: blue;">在旅店居住,清晨时不可一开水龙头就用水,更不可直接饮用</span>。对于能放出锈水,浑浊的自来水龙头须加以注意。在家庭,热水器内贮水温度大于</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="60" unitname="℃"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,家用增湿气是存在军团病的温床,管线结垢应避免用橡胶质垫圈等诸如此种种,说明供水系统的预防军团病比冷却塔系统要复杂的多。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">CDC</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">建议并已在国内医院,学生宿舍推广应用的杀菌方法有:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  热休克法:把水加热到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">75</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="80" unitname="℃"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,然后经阀门放空以实现系统杀菌。这种方法费用高,能耗大,操作困难,效果不明显。但已确定为紧急状态下的措施。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  氯气杀菌:使水中含游氯在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">-</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2mg/L</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,此时水虽略有异味,但尚可饮用,唯对设备腐蚀严重。业主除非迫不得已,不预采用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  紫外线杀菌:此方法可以杀死军团菌,但管道内一旦生成生物粘膜,紫外线失去效能。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  臭氧:在水中通入</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">l</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">-</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2mg/L</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">臭氧杀死军团菌十分有效,但臭氧对人体也有害,所以要有一套设备消除残余臭氧,因而投资大,不宜用于小规模供水系统。在城市供水系统使用臭氧杀菌,国外比较普遍。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  银</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">铜离子器:水流经过产生银</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">铜离子的极板时获得离子。银离子在铜离子的系统作用下是特别有效的军团菌杀菌剂。这一技术问世已经有三十年,近十年来由于杀灭军团病的特殊功能,在国外医院、宿舍、住宅区等已经得到广泛应用。众多的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">守则</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中认为这一方法设备简单,操作容易效果好。但是极板被污垢覆盖时,需要清洗。在目前已有的方法中,离子杀菌是比较理想的方法。</span></p>

icchina 发表于 2007-5-12 09:13

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">军团菌的检测、控制指标</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">决定一项物业系统会不会引起军团病,甚至恶性爆发,也就是军团病危险程度。关键在于军团菌的检测。现在国际上还没有一种公认可行的,简单易行的检测方法。目前各国自行积累了一些方法,并建立了与此相应的评估方法与水处理的要求。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于军团病临床诊断目前比较困难,仅凭临床表现很难与别的传染病菌所致的疾病区别开来。所以一旦怀疑是军团病,医生、医院就要求检测多种水中是否有军团菌的超标。如果检测为阳性,就要对患者进行血清学、病原学检测并作最后确诊。这种由环境查到患者的诊断方法,把水处理推到了一线,只要这个国家把军团病作为法定的传染病立法,水处理技术将成为诊断,甚至解决病人与医院争端重要的依据。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我国在检测军团菌时沿用国外的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">直接荧光抗体染色法</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这一方法可进行快速诊断。但敏感性比传统的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">细菌培养分离法</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">低,一般认为用于日常诊断已经足够。事实上使用这一种方法测量的军团菌量是否会感染,感染后是否会发展成肺炎型军团病要受许多因素的影响,诸如病人本身免疫能力,水中其它杂质,气候条件,历史上类似发病史等,所以要靠数据积累及经验判断。即使如此国际上还是接受了美国</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">CDC</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">推荐的控制指标,认为在水样中测得了军团菌就应予以重视并采取措施。<span style="COLOR: blue;">指标以每毫升水中菌落数(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">CFUS</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)为依据,具体数值如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  ></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">100CFUS/ml=</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">存在大量军团菌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  </span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">10-100CFUS/ml=</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">存在军团菌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt;"><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><font face="Times New Roman">10CFUS/ml=</font></span><span style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">存在少量军团菌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: blue;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">  我们还没有把军团菌作为一种法定疾病,但已有二十余年的跟踪研究工作,发现的病人也已不少,因此对于公共性建筑物供水,空调水处理技术已为社会各界人士所关注。</span></p>

楚楚 发表于 2007-5-12 19:26

看了胡教授的贴子,我觉得可能我们需要做几件事,一是调查医院的空调系统,看看是否有冷却塔等需要清洗消毒,二是要求各病区对水龙头里里外外进行常规的清洗,必要时还要消毒,如有粘稠感时等,三是改变一下观念,每天不要刚打开水龙头就使用,应使其流动一段时间以后再用,至于流动多长时间,我想至少应该流出的水很清澈才行,四是不需要沾水的地方就应该使其保持干燥,水是微生物繁殖的一个重要条件,五是对医院的新建设施的供水系统的材料提供指导,如避免使用橡胶垫圈,使用聚氯乙烯管道尽量不用铜铁管等。不知道我说的是否有道理呢?大家都来参与讨论吧!医院一旦发生军团菌暴发,后果是很严重的,防患于未然,我们责无旁贷!
另外有一个疑问:美国CDC的控制指标以每毫升水中菌落数为依据,这个菌落数是指细菌总数,还是指大肠菌群?

薇荷 发表于 2007-10-23 19:41

有关军团菌的检测(培养和血清学检测),我很熟悉了,因为97-99年我参与了我院一位院长主持的军团菌相关课题,当时在上海CDC陈悦老师那里系统学习了军团菌分离\鉴定\血清学检测等相关内容,回来后,历时三年,圆满完成了院长交代的课题.
最开心的是从临床标本中分离出了嗜肺军团菌,对临床医生准确诊断患者提供了很重要的依据.
这个课题2000年荣获省科技厅二等奖,在和临床友好的合作中,我学到了不少临床知识.到现在还和呼吸科的关系非常好,这给我以后的开展工作创造了非常好的条件.
在此,借胡教授创办的这个平台,真诚感谢现任上海市检验中心主任的陈悦老师.已经很久没有和他联系了.

txzhou 发表于 2007-10-23 20:12

回复 #7 薇荷 的帖子

希望薇荷老师多在这里晒晒您关于军团菌分离\鉴定\血清学检测等相关内容的宝贵经验,好让我们在这方面有较快的提高。

xiangboshu 发表于 2007-10-23 20:47

我们最近也在做一个关于军团菌的课题,军团菌的检测,我们用的就是直接荧光抗体法,荧光是看到了,但好像荧光的亮度不够,想问问薇荷老师有什么诀窍?

野渡无人 发表于 2007-10-23 23:26

回复 #9 xiangboshu 的帖子

好像在看亮度的同时还要注意荧光的均一程度哦!:handshake

亲亲子衿 发表于 2019-9-16 08:38

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