你知道宏基因组学技术吗?(6楼有JAMA文献全文)
本帖最后由 细菌耐药 于 2013-5-1 18:20 编辑各位同道,你知道宏基因组学技术吗?该技术在临床微生物学检验方面有什么应用呢?
让我们先看一看著名的JAMA期刊2013年4月份刚刚发表的一篇文章:
JAMA. 2013 Apr 10;309(14):1502-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.3231.
A culture-independent sequence-based metagenomics approach to the investigation of an outbreak of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O104:H4.Loman NJ, Constantinidou C, Christner M, Rohde H, Chan JZ, Quick J, Weir JC, Quince C, Smith GP, Betley JR, Aepfelbacher M, Pallen MJ.
SourceInstitute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.
AbstractIMPORTANCE: Identification of the bacterium responsible for an outbreak can aid in disease management. However, traditional culture-based diagnosis can be difficult, particularly if no specific diagnostic test is available for an outbreak strain.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential of metagenomics, which is the direct sequencing of DNA extracted from microbiologically complex samples, as an open-ended clinical discovery platform capable of identifying and characterizing bacterial strains from an outbreak without laboratory culture.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: In a retrospective investigation, 45 samples were selected from fecal specimens obtained from patients with diarrhea during the 2011 outbreak of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 in Germany. Samples were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (August-September 2012), followed by a 3-phase analysis (November 2012-February 2013). In phase 1, a de novo assembly approach was developed to obtain a draft genome of the outbreak strain. In phase 2, the depth of coverage of the outbreak strain genome was determined in each sample. In phase 3, sequences from each sample were compared with sequences from known bacteria to identify pathogens other than the outbreak strain. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The recovery of genome sequence data for the purposes of identification and characterization of the outbreak strain and other pathogens from fecal samples.
RESULTS: During phase 1, a draft genome of the STEC outbreak strain was obtained. During phase 2, the outbreak strain genome was recovered from 10 samples at greater than 10-fold coverage and from 26 samples at greater than 1-fold coverage. Sequences from the Shiga-toxin genes were detected in 27 of 40 STEC-positive samples (67%). In phase 3, sequences from Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter concisus, and Salmonella enterica were recovered.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These results suggest the potential of metagenomics as a culture-independent approach for the identification of bacterial pathogens during an outbreak of diarrheal disease. Challenges include improving diagnostic sensitivity, speeding up and simplifying workflows, and reducing costs.
宏基因组学的定义:
宏基因组学(Metagenomics)又叫微生物环境基因组学、元基因组学。它通过直接从环境样品中提取全部微生物的DNA,构建宏基因组文库,利用基因组学的研究策略研究环境样品所包含的全部微生物的遗传组成及其群落功能。它是在微生物基因组学的基础上发展起来的一种研究微生物多样性、开发新的生理活性物质(或获得新基因)的新理念和新方法。其主要含义是: 对特定环境中全部为生物的总DNA(也称宏基因组,metagenomic)进行克隆,并通过构建宏基因组文库和筛选等手段获得新的生理活性物质;或者根据rDNA数据库设计引物,通过系统学分析获得该环境中微生物的遗传多样性和分子生态学信息。
宏基因组学的起源:
宏基因组学这一概念最早是在1998年由威斯康辛大学植物病理学部门的Jo Handelsman等提出的,是源于将来自环境中基因集可以在某种程度上当成一个单个基因组研究分析的想法,而宏的英文是“meta-”,具有更高层组织结构和动态变化的含义。后来伯克利分校的研究人员Kevin Chen和Lior Pachter将宏基因组定义为“应用现代基因组学的技术直接研究自然状态下的微生物的有机群落,而不需要在实验室中分离单一的菌株”的科学。
宏基因组学的研究对象:
宏基因组学研究的对象是特定环境中的总DNA,不是某特定的微生物或其细胞中的总DNA,不需要对微生物进行分离培养和纯化,这对我们认识和利用95%以上的未培养微生物提供了一条新的途径。已有研究表明,利用宏基因组学对人体口腔微生物区系进行研究,发现了50多种新的细菌,这些未培养细菌很可能与口腔疾病有关。此外,在土壤、海洋和一些极端环境中也发现了许多新的微生物种群和新的基因或基因簇,通过克隆和筛选,获得了新的生理活性物质,包括抗生素、酶以及新的药物等。
宏基因组学的应用:
采用宏基因组技术及基因组测序等手段,来发现难培养或不可培养微生物中的天然产物以及处于“沉默”状态的天然产物。宏基因组不依赖于微生物的分离与培养,因而减少了由此带来的瓶颈问题。
随着新一代测序技术的迅猛发展,研究宏基因组的方法也已经发生了翻天覆地的变化:传统的方法是测定微生物基因组上的16S rRNA基因,这些基因的长度通常在1500个碱基左右,广泛分布于原核生物,既能提供足够的信息,而且具有相对缓慢的进化过程;其保守性与特异性并存,通过保守区和特异区来区别微生物的种属。基于这些特性,科学家们通过选择这些基因区域,方便地研究环境中物种的组成多样性,但是还不能全面分析环境中的基因功能。而现在,新一代高通量低成本测序技术的广泛应用,科学家们可以对环境中的全基因组进行测序,在获得海量的数据后,全面地分析微生物群落结构以及基因功能组成等。
短短几年来,宏基因组学的研究已经渗透到各个领域,从海洋到陆地,再到空气,从白蚁到小鼠,再到人体,从发酵工艺到生物能源,再到环境治理等。
宏基因组学的存在问题:
目前遇到的问题样品的提取方法还有待改进,生物信息分析依赖于样品的复杂度。
附JAMA期刊的全文,供大家学习与讨论。
另外,希望有兴趣的同道可以参与本文摘要,甚至全文的翻译工作,个人觉得这是一个非常有前景的实验技术,在科研以有临床中有广阔的应用前景。 学习了,谢谢老师的资料
学无止境,许多前沿学科还需要学习。基因组学的发展,给生物化学和微生物学带来许多新的发展景观,也必将成为感控学科新的发展点。
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